Construction is one of the oldest spheres of human activity. People built houses and utility structures thousands of years ago. As the formation and development of society, construction technologies gradually improved. Modern buildings erected using innovative techniques and advanced materials are most convenient to use, reliable and durable. The construction industry itself today has a rather complex and dynamic structure. There are a variety of types of construction, both in terms of the type of construction objects and the technology for performing the work itself.
Main classification
Modern construction is divided into only two main types:
- Capital. Its objects are buildings and structures belonging to the category of real estate, that is, connected with the land through the foundation.
- Non-capital. The objects of this type of construction include temporary and light structures.
Types of construction objects (capital)
According to Russian law, real estate includes:
- Building. They are structures having an underground (foundation, basement) and aboveground parts. Engineering networks are also usually included in the system of constructions of this kind : water supply, sewage, ventilation, etc. Buildings can be designed for living or for people.
- Facilities. They are linear or flat systems consisting of supporting structures, as in the first case, having underground and aboveground parts. Such buildings are usually designed to move people or goods, store products or conduct production processes. Examples of structures include bridges, roads, dams, oil wells, etc.
- Objects under construction. This is the name of the construction, the construction of which was stopped for some reason. It is impossible to use them for their intended purpose until the assembly is completed.
Non-capital construction objects
To temporary include buildings erected on land for a certain (usually no more than 5 years) period. An example of non-capital construction projects is:
- stalls;
- household blocks;
- sheds;
- change houses;
- collapsible hangars and pavilions, etc.
Classification by Object Type
There are different types of construction and the purpose of the buildings being built. The latter can be residential, industrial, perform special functions, etc. On this basis, construction is classified into:
- Civil. The objects of this category are houses, low and multi-storey buildings, as well as various kinds of public (state, office, commercial, administrative, etc.) buildings.
- Industrial. This category includes works related to the construction of workshops, factories, combines and factories.
- Agricultural
- Transport. Construction of bridges, tunnels and roads.
- Hydraulic engineering. The construction of dams, canals, reservoirs, dams, etc.
- The military. Construction of military facilities.
Next, consider what are the types of capital construction in more detail. Each of them has its own characteristics.
Civil Engineering
The construction of residential and public buildings in our time is engaged in a huge number of companies. The lion's share of all investments made in construction today falls precisely on its civilian appearance.
Residential buildings can be multi-unit or low-rise. In the first case, the agreement with the company is usually concluded by the administration of the settlement or enterprise. In the second - private owner owning a suburban area.
Public buildings include shops, government, office, sports facilities, canteens, cafes, restaurants, etc. Contracting for their construction can also be concluded by administrative bodies, enterprises or private individuals.
Industrial engineering
The construction of industrial facilities for special purposes has a lot of technological features. Therefore, industrial construction and allocated in a separate group. For example, the roof of industrial facilities is usually flat, pitched, in large complexes-workshops often there are no windows, etc.
Most modern construction companies have the right to engage in the construction of both civilian residential buildings and industrial ones.
The construction of military facilities
The types of construction discussed above are carried out by ordinary civilian specialized companies. Such firms may also be involved in the construction of defense facilities. However, such a practice is more likely an exception than a rule. More often, such facilities are still being erected by special military construction units. In peacetime, the latter are mainly engaged in the construction of buildings designed for officers and soldiers, as well as long-term defensive structures. During the war, such formations are responsible for arranging theaters of war.
Agricultural construction
The construction of industrial facilities on farms and for large livestock and agricultural companies is a procedure that also has its own characteristics. Agricultural buildings are usually dispersed over a very large area, which, of course, cannot but cause difficulties with the organization of work. This is the main difference between this type of construction and the rest. Nowadays, agricultural facilities are being erected in the same way as industrial and residential, mainly by contract. This can be, for example, poultry houses, livestock complexes, greenhouses, agricultural buildings, veterinary clinics, etc.
Classification by type of work performed
On this basis, construction is divided into:
- New. In this case, the building or structure is built from scratch.
- Expansion. This type of construction involves the construction of structures that complement the existing building.
- Reconstruction In this case, the restoration of existing facilities, dilapidated or partially destroyed for some reason, is carried out to their original condition.
- Technical re-equipment (modernization). Renovation of existing facilities in connection with their moral aging.
The list contains the main types of capital construction works . There are other, not so large-scale events, which are also part of the duties of companies specializing in the construction of buildings.
These, for example, include repair and decoration. They differ from reconstruction and modernization primarily in that their implementation does not change the technical parameters of the main structure of the facility.
All these types of construction: reconstruction, repair (including), expansion, modernization, etc. - most of the work is quite complicated. They require the presence of certain skills of the company employees.
General types of work in construction
The process of erection of buildings and structures, as well as their modernization and reconstruction may include:
- Geodetic work on the study of the construction site.
- Preparatory work (demolition of old structures, construction of temporary access roads, utility networks, etc.).
- Earthwork (drainage, compaction, excavation of trenches and pits).
- The device wells.
- The construction of foundations.
- Work on the device of stone structures.
- Installation of metal structures.
- Assembly of wooden structures.
- Roof device, etc.
All these types of work in construction have their own characteristics and are performed by highly qualified specialists. When erecting any building or structure, the norms of SNiP and the safety rules are mandatory.
As you can see, in our time there are different types of construction: reconstruction, modernization, construction of buildings from scratch, etc. Each of them has its own characteristics. Some work is a technologically complex process , others can easily be performed even by lay people. However, in any case, construction is an industry that plays an important role in the national economy.