In the design and construction of any house, both suburban and multi-story, of course, a variety of engineering systems are provided. And one of the most necessary types of communications for creating comfort in residential premises is plumbing. These are the same networks as any others. Of course, they should be equipped in compliance with all the rules and regulations.
Structural elements
Any such network is a fairly complex system, including equipment of various types, all kinds of fittings and fittings for pipes. Water supply systems of both private houses and urban ones, however, usually consist of three main structural elements:
outdoor water supply;
interior.
Supply of hot water and cold water is carried out along highways assembled from pipes, which can be made of steel, modern polymeric materials, copper, etc.
Sources
Of course, certain sanitary requirements are imposed on the water supplied to residential, public or industrial buildings. The main varieties of sources of fence can be used two:
When installing water supply networks of residential buildings, usually only the second type of sources is used. In most cases, these are wells drilled to aquifers located deep underground. The latter can be located under a layer of sand or calcareous rocks.
Surface sources are most often used to supply water to production plants. Usually these are lakes, rivers, or artificially created ponds located near the enterprise.
Outdoor water supply
Such networks are used to transport water from the source to the buildings. Systems of this variety are assembled from pipes of a sufficiently large diameter. Highways in this case stretch most often underground. That is, under the pipes, trenches are pre-excavated. The depth of the water pipe can be quite large. Typically, trenches under the pipes are dug below the freezing line of the soil in this particular area.
In order to exclude the possibility of freezing water in the winter season, the mains are usually additionally insulated. For example, using mineral wool. In some cases, water pipes can also be heated. In order to prevent freezing in the highways, most often special electric cables are pulled into them.
External water supply is usually a system that includes pipes of a sufficiently large length. Throughout the length of such highways, among other things, special viewing wells are arranged. Such elements are most often installed at the turns of the highway, at the points of branch connections, etc. Inspection wells are needed in order to be able to repair the valves or replace them at the joints.
Pump equipment
Water is taken from both surface and deep sources, of course, using special equipment. It can be:
The first type of equipment is usually used for water intake from open sources: lakes, ponds, rivers. Submersible pumps are designed for supply from wells. Such equipment on a special cable along with an electric cable is lowered directly into the mine.
Pumping stations are most often installed at surface springs or in shallow wells. Such systems represent a whole complex, which may include:
Such systems are distinguished by the fact that they are able to automatically maintain pressure in the network. Pumping stations can be provided during the installation and design of water supply systems for both private homes and, for example, urban networks. In the latter case, of course, very powerful and productive equipment of this type is used.
Special cases
Sometimes pumping equipment is not used in external water pipes. There is no need for artificial injection when the source is above consumers. It can be, for example, a mountain lake or a river. In this case, water is supplied to consumers by gravity. Instead of pumping equipment, such systems use special types of shutoff valves.
What other equipment can be used
Quite often, various types of treatment facilities are also an element of the design of external water supply networks. Such stations can be equipped with sampling from both surface and deep sources. An external water supply system is a system that must be equipped in such a way that consumers are supplied with water that meets all sanitary rules. The main purpose of installation in such networks of treatment facilities is its disinfection.
From a source, water at such a station is supplied to a special tank. Here, reagents are added to the water to destroy harmful microorganisms, fungi, etc. Such stations are mounted only on the external highways of city networks. In residential suburban buildings, a water treatment system is usually provided at the entrance of pipes to the house.
Elements of the internal network
Water is supplied to the houses from sources through pipes laid underground. The entry of such highways into buildings is usually done through pre-defined holes in the foundation.
Directly in the house, a branching of the pipe into hot and cold water pipes is created. In private low-rise buildings, for example, a tee is installed on the highway introduced from the street. Next, pipes are laid along the walls to consumers: sink, sink, shower, bath.
The GV main from the tee is brought to the boiler. Such equipment is responsible for heating water to the required temperature. From the boiler, the HV line is also laid to consumers. A pump is provided for pumping water through pipes in internal water supply systems.
Additional items
Also, internal water supply is a system whose design may include:
Filters
softeners;
iron removers.
Filters in such engineering networks can be used in two main types: coarse and fine. The first type of fixtures is installed most often at the entrance of the external water supply to the house first. Such filters in the network are responsible for cleaning water from various kinds of mechanical impurities. It can be, for example, silt, dirt and so on.
Fine filters are designed to remove finer contaminants from the water, as well as to eliminate unpleasant odors from it. Sometimes special UV disinfectants can be mounted in houses for additional processing.
Softeners and Iron Removers
Such equipment in domestic water supply systems is also used to give water the necessary consumer qualities. Softeners are included in this type of network to remove all kinds of mineral impurities. When used, the water becomes softer. As a result, scale does not subsequently form on the heating elements of boilers and household equipment, as well as inside the mains.
Iron removers are equipment that is mounted to remove iron from water, if it contains more than the established norms allow. The fact is that excess iron can be very harmful to human health.
Regulations
Of course, in our country, including design standards for such networks are provided. By what rules should water supply be provided in homes? External networks and facilities according to SP 31.13330.2012, for example, should be equipped simultaneously with sewage systems. Also, this document prescribes the use of equipment with a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion when installing external networks.
In addition, according to the standards provided by the joint venture “Water Supply. External networks and facilities ”, in household and drinking constructions it is supposed to equip, among other things, sanitary zones for sources, pumping stations and treatment facilities.