Designing houses with several stages is a common practice not only in the segment of large companies that are engaged in the construction of high-rise buildings, but also in private housing construction. In the second case, the owners also seek to get the most out of the attic and basement. But high-quality and durable construction of such houses is impossible without the proper technical and structural organization of floors. The device of this element can be different - depending on the specific requirements for the construction and operating conditions, the optimal design option is selected with certain dimensions and protective properties.
General information about the floor
In construction, several types of ceilings are used, including basement, attic, basement, etc. Interfloor ceilings are not always used, but only in projects where it is planned to erect a building on at least two floors. In any case, the separated levels must be reliably held in place by the load and represent a fully isolated space. As a rule, for such structural tasks, floor slabs of a certain format are used. The production standards of such plates facilitate their installation, allowing you to fit into standard designs of residential and non-residential buildings. If we talk about the tasks of overlapping, then there are several. Firstly, it is a necessary structural element that performs the functions of dividing space and receiving load from the top floor. Secondly, there is a whole list of isolating functions that can be in the nature of thermal, noise, biological and other protective demarcation between different levels of the house.
Monolithic concrete floors
One of the most common construction solutions in Russia for the organization of ceilings in multi-storey buildings, and recently, optimized versions of cast-in-place concrete elements are used in industrial and private cottage construction.
From the point of view of the constructional device, conventional floor slabs of this type are reinforced, i.e. reinforced concrete panels 5-10 cm thick, 200 to 270 cm long and 80-200 cm wide. Despite the monolithic form factor, in the structure of such slabs can be provided with empty niches - as a rule, cylindrical cavities that penetrate the entire overlap along the length. The manufacturing technology involves the creation of formwork, which is poured with concrete mixture (with cement grade M400) and further reinforced with metal rods in different configurations.
Among the shortcomings of reinforced concrete slabs with reinforcement, a large mass is noted, due to which many transportation and installation processes are complicated, not to mention the need for a careful calculation of the load capacity of the building frame. Actually, for this reason puto formers are used at the stage of pouring and hardening the concrete mass. On the other hand, the device of reinforced concrete-based ceilings increases the reliability of the structure, and also allows you to do without special jumpers and transition nodes to strengthen the supporting system. But such elements are expensive, and for technical reasons, far from every project can be used, which is especially true for private houses.
Precast monolithic floors
A more technological and functional design of a reinforced concrete slab with an integral structure. Its difference is that the design is assembled at the place of operation from several components having different tasks. A typical overlapping device with such a structure provides for the following elements:
- Bearing beams. Metal power components of a special shape that form niches for laying the main filling of the plate. Beams resemble stiffeners, performing the functions of delimiting and strengthening the structure. We can say that this is the structural power skeleton of the ceiling.
- Block insert. The same filler base, which forms about 60-70% of the overlap structure. This unit is made of lightweight composite materials or dense foam and can perform structural and insulation tasks. According to the cellular principle, it is placed in niches formed by beams.
- Concrete panels. According to the principle of screed formation, a kind of concrete coating is laid, closing all the joints and seams of the assembled slab.
- Reinforcing frame. Together with a concrete screed, reinforcement is performed, the elements of which can penetrate into the gaps between the block inserts in various configurations.
The modern technology of precast-monolithic slabs makes it possible to build strong and durable ceilings without heavy expenses for transportation and lifting of the material, the load on which is calculated within 500-600 kg / m2. Again, many potential consumers may be confused by the issue of price, since both components and assembly techniques will be expensive, but in terms of performance this is one of the best solutions in this niche.
Wooden floors
Wood in our time maintains a firm position in the market as a building material with a unique combination of characteristics and properties. First of all, this material is appreciated for environmental friendliness, ease and ease of installation. Obviously, this set of qualities is especially appropriate at the stage of building floors.
The simplest technology for arranging wooden floors between floors in a private house involves the use of beams with a thickness of about 70-80 mm, filler and cladding. That is, the tile coating is assembled according to the same principle as the assembly-monolithic structure, but from other materials. The main attention is given to beams, on which the main load will be assigned. By the way, it is not necessary to look for an integral large-format board - experts even recommend using the technology of paired layout of two boards, forming a single block.
As for the filler plate and cladding, in this part the choice of materials is much wider. Firstly, with regard to the filler, the device of the floors in wooden houses is often implemented with insulating tabs - for example, mineral wool mats or bulk material are used. In such houses, the strength of the floor is not in the first place, but rather stringent requirements are imposed on thermal insulation in cold regions. Secondly, if we are talking about stone, panel or brick objects, then the internal space can be provided with communication shafts for laying pipelines, cable routes and other engineering networks, if the design allows.
In the choice of cladding, attention is drawn to the range of chipboards. For example, it can be plywood sheets, chipboard, MDF and other products characterized by a sufficient margin of safety and structural reliability. Another important point in choosing such a lining is environmental cleanliness. The fact is that the adhesive components in the same chipboard and MDF do not always satisfy the requirements for materials used in residential premises.
SIP-based overlappings
An improved version of the technology of the device of panel ceilings from wood. The features of this solution include two points:
- I-beams are used as beams. This is a reinforced structure, which is assembled from an intermediate chipboard rib and two bars, which are superimposed on this rib from above and below by joining in groove joints. The result is a rather rigid, but compact and lightweight structural beam.
- Several I-beams above and below are closed with OSB sheets, also forming a hollow space inside the ceiling. Moreover, for such purposes, special modifications of environmentally friendly sheets with a thickness of the order of 20 mm with clearly calibrated geometry are used. The advantages of this arrangement are evidenced by the fact that finished wooden floors between floors in a private house made of SIP panels do not require subsequent technical refinement before performing decorative and finishing works. You can immediately lay tiles, linoleum, laminate, etc. on the finished base of the plate.
Floor reinforcement
Correction of the bearing potential indicators is often required when using wooden and lightweight reinforced concrete floors. You can solve such problems in several ways - including reinforcing, using high-quality fasteners (brackets, anchors, dowels, corners), installing supports, etc. But if insufficient bearing capacity was already detected during operation under dynamic loads, the possibilities of the master will be limited in terms of design changes. In this case, special amplification elements are required that are embedded in the overlap device without a fundamental change in its structure. Such devices include metal pads, bandages and reinforcement belts for supports with reinforcements. Installation is carried out along the contours of wall surfaces at reliable points using the same structural hardware. Especially to increase the bending strength of wooden beams, it is recommended to use several narrow bars-overlays. They are knocked out from the sides of the stiffeners in the inner recess of the floor. Such reinforcement can be made for all beams, which will evenly distribute the load.
Features of ceilings in a three-story house
In private housing construction, projects of three-story objects always grow with additional restrictions related to increasing the responsibility of the power frame. Do not bypass the strict prohibition measures in this case, and the overlap system. The main limitation in this part relates to the use of monolithic reinforced concrete slabs and beam ceilings, in the bearing basis of which steel beams are used. What kind of floor structures are allowed in three-story private houses? The best solution can be a prefabricated SIP plate in a reinforced version. The free space with I-beams should be completely subordinated to the tasks of strengthening with thin reinforcing sheets and overlays that connect the ceiling to the walls. In the design and installation process, it is important to strike a balance between the build-up power of the structure and the limitation of its weight, since excessive weight gain can become critical for the frame of the house.
Floor insulation
From the point of view of insulation, interfloor ceilings are an important structural part. Of course, the role of the insulator in this case is not so important compared to the attic slabs, but in order to increase the comfort of the microclimate, these features must be used. Almost the only option for insulation of the floor in this part will be the filling of the internal space of prefabricated structures. As already noted, you can use mats made of mineral fiber, as well as various coatings of natural origin like felt. Together with heat insulators, it is recommended to lay means of structural fire protection. Best suited for this are sprayed thick-layer compositions - fire-resistant plasters, coatings and other materials with air gaps.
Attic floor insulation
In complex thermal insulation, it is important to provide for the protection of the top floor, which conditionally separates living quarters from the attic or attic. It is here that the largest number of cold bridges are present, which affect the temperature regime. The features of the insulation of the attic floor include the wide range of applications for bulk materials. In this quality, sawdust, expanded clay, bulk perlite and polystyrene granules are best suited. Backfill is made into a niche of overlapping, the inner surfaces of which were previously protected by hydro- and vapor barrier. This solution is also suitable for those who plan to organize a thermal insulation barrier without overloading the floor. Except that expanded clay in a large layer can give a noticeable weight gain, but polystyrene or dry sawdust can be safely used even in weak load-bearing structures. And again, do not forget about proper fire protection.
Conclusion
Building flooring is one of the most important structural elements of the house. The nature of its implementation depends on many factors, but modern technology allows us to find the optimal solution in a variety of cases. Among the main characteristics of the ceiling in the house, it is necessary to highlight sufficient bearing capacity, resistance to dynamic loads and structural compliance with the frame. At the same time, the latest technologies also increase the importance of the functionality of floors. This property can be expressed in providing the possibility of laying insulating materials and communication lines directly in the niche of the slab.