What is broadcast in biology? After transcription, it is the second part of the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the use of the genetic code for the manufacture of amino acid chains.
Translation and RNA molecules
The three main molecular classes of ribonucleic acid (RNA) are involved in the expression of genes that are encoded in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell. It:
- messenger RNA (mRNA)
- portable RNA (tRNA)
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
In translation, the first two types of RNA play a special role.
Broadcast principle
In biology, translation is a complex process during which a protein is synthesized from information contained in an RNA (mRNA) molecule. The mRNA sequence is read using the genetic code. Translation itself takes place in a structure called the ribosome, which is a kind of factory for protein synthesis. This cellular organelle has small and large subunits and is a complex molecule consisting of several ribosomal RNA molecules, as well as a number of proteins.
What is broadcast in biology?
Translation is the second step after transcription. During these processes, the genetic code is converted into amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds. The chains of amino acids are called polypeptides and are located inside the ribosomes, tiny organelles of the cell that play an important role in the process of protein synthesis. The following definition can be given: translation in biology is a cellular process in which amino acid chains are formed by decoding. Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located.
What is translation in biology and how does the polypeptide actually assemble? There are three important steps - initiation, elongation and termination. The same terms are used in transcription to describe the stages of creating an RNA chain.
Activation is considered to be the zero phase when the desired amino acid covalently binds to a suitable RNA (tRNA) and becomes “charged”. Although this is not technically a broadcast stage, this step is as necessary as all subsequent ones. So, we will consider the stages of translation in biology in more detail:
- Initiation. At this stage, mRNA is attached to tRNA, which is attached to the specified amino acid. All together, they unite in the ribosome.
- Elongation. This is a relative elongation by the addition of amino acids, accompanied by the formation of peptide bonds. Ultimately, a polypeptide is created. The addition process continues again and again until the chain reaches its limit, and this is about a hundred amino acids.
- Termination. When a biosynthesis termination signal is received, the polypeptide is separated from the ribosome. When a new protein is released, the entire translation complex breaks up.
Complex and precise process
What is broadcast in biology? This is a very complex and at the same time surprisingly harmonious and accurate process, which includes many components. All movements, reactions and other manipulations are perfectly coordinated. The transformation of genes into proteins, in essence, takes place in two stages: transcription and translation. Despite the fact that no protein synthesis occurs during the first, the second is not possible without it.
Broadcasting is the final stage of the implementation of information at the gene level. This process can take place only in living cells and it is much more complicated than previous matrix syntheses of replication and transcription. All types of RNA, twenty types of amino acids, various enzymes and so on take part in the broadcast. The dominant center of all events is such a cellular organelle as the ribosome.
An amazing fact is the coordinated work of all interacting elements of protein biosynthesis: the specificity of many enzymes is aimed at mutual recognition at the molecular level. Even accidentally detected failures and errors are instantly eliminated by those enzymes that, in principle, are not responsible for them.
Beneficial cooperation
As cell ribosomes move along the messenger RNA, its starting region is gradually released, to which another ribosome is already attached. And the number of such organelles working simultaneously on one molecule can reach several tens. Thus, only one matrix base is used to synthesize a number of molecular duplexes of the polypeptide. such beneficial cooperation was called polyribosome (polysome).
Depending on what proteins are needed for a particular cell or the body as a whole, a multistage polypeptide biosynthesis occurs, controlled by genes and some regulatory mechanisms that work smoothly and sequentially at certain stages of the release of genetic information, including during translation.