A foundation is an underground or ground foundation for a building. What is the classification of foundations? There are brick, stone, wooden, concrete options. Let us dwell in more detail on the features of each type of foundation, since the quality and reliability of the structure being built depends on the foundation.
Parameters for classification
The foundation is the supporting base, it is designed to transfer the load of the building to the base site. The bases are divided into two types: natural and artificial. The first group includes land located under the foundation. They have a certain throughput, ensure the stability of the structure during shrinkage.
The artificial foundation has no bearing capacity. To increase its strength, they use tamper, lower the soil moisture, transfer the base to another place.
Classification of foundations according to design features involves the allocation of the following types:
tape;
pile;
columnar;
plate (monolithic).
Important points
The tape base is laid under the walls of the building or under specific supports.
The pillar foundation is laid to the required depth under lightweight structures.
The pile type is used with a high level of groundwater, as well as if it is necessary to build a building of increased load. Currently, it is actively used in the installation of low-rise buildings on the water, the construction of houses on marshy soils.
The slab continuous foundation is used on soils with insignificant bearing capacity. This type is used for additional waterproofing in the construction of the basement for the basement.
By type of construction
Classification of foundations on this basis involves the allocation of several groups of grounds:
shallow;
deep;
monolithic;
national teams.
When choosing one of the options, the maximum loads that will exert on the foundation of the wall and roof are taken into account.
Tape option
Let us consider in more detail the types of foundations. Classification puts ribbon foundation first. This option is considered optimal for the construction of a private house. The classification of foundations of this type is regulated by the norms of SNiP (3.02.01) according to the following criteria:
By the first sign, prefabricated structures are distinguished from reinforced concrete factory blocks, monolithic options (they are poured into the formwork at the construction site), brick or rubble structures.
According to the depth of the laying, the tape bases are divided into two groups:
In individual construction, a monolithic version is used.
Pile construction
What is the classification of pile foundations? To begin with, we give a brief description of this option base. These are underground structures with an elongated shape. They are located as separate elements in either a group, are installed obliquely or vertically. Some piles are driven directly into the ground. Also, this option of the foundation is established by screwing, pushing, immersing, stuffing.
Each option is supposed to have its own installation technology, manufacturing material, operating conditions. Classification of piles and pile foundations involves the determination of their functional affiliation, relating to increasing the bearing capacity of the soil. Such grounds are used in the construction of residential houses, country houses.
What are the types of pile foundations? Both classification and their application is based on several parameters:
design features;
size;
sectional shapes;
material of manufacture;
installation technology;
nature of work;
reinforcement method.
Depending on the design features, for construction, you can choose solid or composite, made from several sections, piles. They may have a point or a blunt lower end, as well as additional extensions at various levels.
Piles are divided into hard (short) and long (medium hard) piles.
Currently, the following forms of piles are offered: polygonal, round, pyramidal, trapezoidal, cruciform, conical, hollow, solid.
Materials for the manufacture of piles: concrete, reinforced concrete, wood, metal. Recently, a combination of several materials has been increasingly used, which significantly increases the technical characteristics of piles.
By the nature of the work, support and hanging options are distinguished. When installing piles use clogging, screwing, stuffing, indentation.
Pile Selection Features
When choosing the type of piles, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the soil, the height and structure of the house. For example, for areas with permafrost, continuous railway piles without transverse reinforcement are not suitable.
It is important to first study the foundations: classification, requirements, features, choose the best option, and only then proceed with the construction of a new structure. The safety and operational characteristics of the created design directly depend on the correct choice.
Piles-pillars - pillars that pass through weak soil, rest on its layers. Hanging piles - trunks that transmit the load from the building to the ground through the side surfaces.
Equipment
To immerse the pile foundation to a certain depth by indentation or hammering, special equipment is used: copra, hammers, other shock or vibration installations. The following options are distinguished:
mechanical;
hydraulic;
pneumatic;
diesel.
If stuffed types of piles are used in construction, wells are initially drilled or hollow pipes are driven into the ground. The resulting hole is filled with a solution of concrete.
Depending on the quality of the soil and the chosen technology, the casing is either left or removed after installation of piles.
Pile Features
For the manufacture of screw piles, metal or reinforced concrete is used. They consist of a barrel and screw blades, which are located on a special shoe-tip. The column is hollow, as well as filled with concrete. The blades can be welded metal, cast steel, plastic.
As a material for wooden piles, pine or spruce wood is used. Sometimes the basis for a wooden pile becomes larch, oak, cedar. Straight-stemmed logs are selected for piles, the bark is previously removed from them. In the case of significant deepening, splicing of wooden piles of 3-5 elements is performed.
Reinforced concrete piles are produced in factories, and monolithic structures are built directly at the construction site (according to the project). The fittings are poured with concrete, taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region.
For metal piles, pipes, a rolling profile, and welded structures are used. To protect them from atmospheric corrosion, they are treated with coal tar, bitumen, and special anti-corrosion compounds.
The pile foundation consists of a system of grillages and piles, which are the connecting and distributing elements of the load of the structure. On the supporting beams or slabs that combine the piles, the ground elements of the building under construction will be supported.