The foundation tape monolithic reinforced concrete today acts as the most common solution in the construction of private houses. Over the many decades of operation, it has proven itself, because it is quite simple to equip, does not require the use of special equipment and particularly complex devices.
Technology
In order for the design to be solid and reliable, the technology should be followed. It provides for the creation of a foundation project, excavation of a trench, installation of formwork, laying of reinforcement and waterproofing work. In general, the strip foundation is a monolithic strip of concrete mortar, on which the bearing walls of the house are erected. Such a basis is relevant if it is planned to build a private house from materials with an impressive mass, among which are:
- cinder blocks;
- brick;
- concrete;
- a rock.
The foundation project can be created for buildings, in general terms there is a basement, ground floor or underground garage. You can use this type of foundation in the event that the house will have an attic or heavy ceiling. Typically, this type of structure is selected for regions where the soil is predominantly heterogeneous. In general, the tape base is suitable for almost all types of soil, peatlands and subsidence soils are an exception .
Varieties of monolithic strip foundations
Monolithic tape reinforced concrete foundation is presented in several varieties, which can be classified according to several factors, among them the depth of laying. For massive buildings made of heavy building materials, a recessed foundation is used, which is located at a depth ranging from 250 to 300 mm.
To lay such a foundation is necessary below the level of soil freezing. Another kind of strip foundation is a shallow structure that is suitable for lightweight frame buildings. The depth can be equal to the limit from 550 to 600 mm.
Preparation of materials
Monolithic tape reinforced concrete foundation is built after the preparation of some tools and materials. Among the latter should be highlighted:
- roofing material;
- steel wire;
- armature;
- screws or nails;
- crushed stone and sand;
- concrete.
Monolithic reinforced concrete strip foundation can be poured using self-prepared concrete. He will need cement grade M-400 or higher. It should also be prepared for the solution and medium fractional gravel, sand, as well as gravel.
Project drafting
Foundation design can be carried out on the basis of data that dictate the depth of the base depending on the soil. For example, in the case of stony soil, the depth is 200 mm, while the load on the soil will be 20 kN / m 2 . These indicators are true for farm buildings, bathhouses and sheds. The load will increase to 30 kN / m 2 , while the laying depth will be 300 mm, if we are talking about a one-story summer house with an attic. The parameters will be equal to 50 kN / m 2 and 500 mm, respectively, if you plan to build a two-story cottage.
The three-story mansion will have a foundation deepened by 650 mm, while the load will be 70 kN / m 2 . If we are talking about a territory where loams or dense clay prevail, then the depth of laying for an outbuilding will be 300 mm. A one-story summer house or a two-story cottage is buried in the basement area by 350 mm and 600 mm, respectively. The three-story mansion will have a foundation deepened by 850 mm.
When designing the foundation, you may encounter a case when the territory has soft sand or compacted sandy loam. In the first case, the depth of the foundation of the outbuildings will be 450 mm, in the second - 400 mm. If you plan to build a one-story summer house, then on soft sand its foundation should be deepened by 650 mm. Sludge in the case of a barn or bath requires a base that deepens by 650 mm. Peatlands require a different type of foundation.
Foundation load calculation
The load on the foundation is calculated according to several parameters. To do this, you should know the area of the walls, calculated by multiplying the height of the building by the perimeter of the house. The volume of the walls is calculated by multiplying the area by the thickness. It is important to determine the weight of the walls, multiplying the specific gravity of the material by the volume.
You can determine the area of the sides of the foundation by multiplying the perimeter by the thickness. The specific load on the foundation will be equal to the figure obtained by dividing the weight of the walls by the area of all sides of the foundation.
Territory Marking
When building a strip foundation for the house, at the first stage, you must make markings. The site before this is cleaned of debris and foreign objects, the upper fertile soil layer is removed from the surface, the thickness of which is equal to the limit from 120 to 150 mm.
If you do not take care of eliminating organic residues, then this can cause biological decomposition processes that are undesirable for basements. On the site, mark the corners using pegs. The evenness of their installation should be clarified by checking the diagonals. Pegs can be rearranged if necessary. A strong cord is pulled between them, with which you can control the corners and determine the direction of the foundation strip.
Before you begin to build a strip foundation for the house, you can use prepared wooden parts in the form of rectangles to indicate the angles. One of them is installed at the desired point and fixed. Two cords should be tied to it, taking as a basis the distance of the width of the trench for the base. It is necessary to stretch the cords to the next place where the second corner will be located. Stretched cords are tied to this element. This will allow you to mark 4 corners.
If the bearing walls will also be located inside the building, it is important to mark them using the same technology. As soon as all angles are set, it is necessary to reconcile the diagonals of a square or rectangle. They should be equal, this will indicate that the corners are set correctly. Before making the foundation, it is important to mark the territory. In the course of the cord, you can make sprinkling with dry lime, it will allow you to understand the direction of the tape and identify errors. As soon as the marking of the inner walls and the contour is completed, you need to mark the foundation under the terrace, porch or porch.
Trench preparation
If you wondered how to make the foundation, you should dig a trench along the marked lines, delving into the soil according to the design parameters. Digging the pit should begin from the bottom corner of the foundation, this will provide different depths of the trench along the entire length.
When digging the soil, you should try to make the walls vertical and even. When shedding soil in weak places, temporary supports are installed. When working on a trench, slope and depth measurements should be taken periodically. If the foundation should be located on a slope, then the bottom of the trench should have a single depth around the perimeter. Sometimes in the house there is a fireplace, stove or other brick structure. It is important at this stage to take care of the foundation for such structures.
Bottom preparation
The construction of the foundation of the house necessarily involves the preparation of the bottom. A sand pillow is poured onto it, the thickness of which will be the limit from 150 to 200 mm. Sand should be rammed. Such preparation will allow to redistribute the load from the mass of the building on the finished foundation. This technique is especially important if construction is carried out on heaving unstable soils.
Filling is best done in three steps, the thickness of each layer should be 50 mm. The sand is well compacted and wetted with water. A ruberoid is laid on the pillow, which will protect it from erosion and will not allow the cement milk to soak into the pit. Ruberoid also acts as a waterproofing of the underground part of the base. The material should be placed on the walls of the trench by approximately 150 mm.
Formwork installation
In the trench, formwork should be installed from the boards, which are dismantled after the concrete has hardened. This part of the foundation can be made non-removable, additionally insulating the base. If you plan to use boards for these purposes, then of them you need to knock down the boards and set vertically to the bottom. Above the ground, the formwork should rise to the height by which it is planned to raise the basement, usually this parameter is equal to the limit of 350 to 400 mm.
Shields between themselves should be fastened with cross-beams, while from the outside they must be supported by bars. In order to prevent plank walls from diverging when pouring concrete, they are twisted with steel wire. Sometimes the foundation has holes for laying communications, in this case, the pipe sections must be installed as spacers between the panels. When installing a wooden structure, it is important to periodically check the evenness with the help of the building level, otherwise the foundation will be curved and will require leveling after the concrete has hardened. Ruberoid and dense polyethylene are covered in the finished formwork, which will protect the surface of the boards. It is necessary to fix the film on the end sides of the shields.
After installing the reinforcing grill, which should be located at some distance from the bottom, you should start pouring. To remove air bubbles from the solution, you can use a vibrator, the surface of the future structure at the final stage is leveled and left until dry. Periodically, the foundation must be moistened.
Conclusion
If you do not want to engage in construction on your own, then it is important to know what the price per meter of the foundation of the tape monolithic reinforced concrete is. The consumer will have to pay 4700 rubles. for the mentioned amount of work.