Wells are a multifunctional structure. There are various types of them, depending on the purpose, material of manufacture. What are they like? What is the technology for laying brick wells, read the article.
Types of wells
These structures are different, which depends on many factors: purpose, depth of groundwater, soil composition and much more.
The following types of wells are found:
- Key - the most economical and simple. They are descending and ascending, which depends on the availability of keys.
- Mine wells. To create them, you need to dig a mine 10-20 meters deep. The shape of such wells is different: round, rectangular, square.
- Pipe wells. They are made in a round shape resembling a pipe. These are durable and hygienic facilities.
Masonry wells are made of various materials. It can be brick, stone, concrete, reinforced concrete, wood.
Mine wells
These structures, regardless of type, have the same design - an excavated pit of elongated shape, the depth of which is 5-15 meters. The walls of such a well are strengthened, the head is neatly decorated. The advantages of the mine type construction are that there is constant access to drinking water, which is not only preserved here, but also replenished in a natural way. Such a well is rarely drained completely.
Brick mine
Different types of mine wells in their design differ little from each other. The difference between a stone and a brick well, for example, is small. The main difference is in the laying of bricks, where a certain scheme is used. In order for the walls of the well to be reliable, the width of the masonry should be one to one and a half bricks. The round shape of the shaft is achieved through the use of a stabilizing profile.
If a brick or stone shaft is not reinforced with a frame that forms the skeleton of the entire well structure, it will begin to crumble very soon. For the manufacture of a support frame, a metal profile, reinforcement or waterproof wood species are used.
Pipe well
Brick masonry begins with the preparation of frames. Their diameter should be equal to the diameter of the future well. The main one is the bottom frame. For its manufacture, metal, reinforced concrete or bog oak is used, since it must be the most durable. The frame has a thickness of 10 centimeters. The width is equal to the thickness of the masonry. The size of the outer diameter is 5-6 centimeters larger than the outer diameter of the intermediate frames.
The outer edge of the frame along the entire perimeter from below has a steel knife. Both the upper and the intermediate frame are wooden. They are fastened together with the help of nails. The thickness of these frames is 8 centimeters, and the width is the same or slightly less than the thickness of the masonry.
Along the perimeter of the frames, it is necessary to drill holes under each other, between which there will be the same distance. They are needed in order to insert anchors into them. The lower frame has six anchors that are tightly secured with a nut and washer. After checking the level, the finished frame is horizontally lowered into the foundation pit, and an intermediate frame is put on it with the help of nuts and washers. To make the structure stronger, it is necessary to strengthen it from above with logs.
Brick Masonry
This process is carried out in one and a half bricks. Rows in this case can only be poke or alternate with spoon. Necessarily, regardless of the type of masonry, the first two rows are bonded. To maintain the correct round shape, experts recommend using templates that are made in the form of rings with two halves fastened by wedges.
Do-it-yourself well masonry is not difficult if everything is done correctly. First, a cement mortar of 1-1.5 centimeters thick is superimposed on the main frame and leveled. On it are placed the bricks of the first row, then the second and so on. If the masonry of the wells is round, gaps will remain between the bricks outside. They need to be filled with broken brick into small pieces mixed with mortar.
During masonry, do not forget about the holes for the anchors. They are done in bricks. Gaps must be sealed with cement mortar. In order to get a solid brick laying, along the entire length of every fourth row you should lay a thin wire in two layers. When the distance between the intermediate frame and the upper row becomes 5-6 centimeters, the masonry must be suspended, the anchors fixed on the frame, and the free space filled with mortar. But first, gravel or crushed stone is added to it in a ratio of 1: 3. The solution must be compacted. For this, a wooden board is suitable, the width of which coincides with the distance between the frame and the bricks.
When water enters the well through the walls, holes for windows equal to 25x50 centimeters are left in them. They will install filters for water purification. Reinforcement is superimposed on the brickwork of the upper row and poured with a cement mortar with a thickness of 20-25 centimeters.
Plastering
After the laying of the brick wells with their own hands is completed, they begin to plaster their internal and external walls. To facilitate this operation, you need to stock up with beacons, which are smooth, even slats. Six pieces are enough for this work. They are installed at the same distance from each other in those places where the anchors are attached.
The lighthouse is separated from the lighthouse by a wooden semicircle, which is called small. Its radius is half the diameter of the inside of the well. Malka moves along the lighthouses from top to bottom and vice versa, thereby leveling the solution that was previously applied to the wall.
Immediately plastering the walls over their entire height is impossible, this is done in stripes. Each time, beacons need to be removed, and the gaps to be repaired with a solution. In order not to clog the bottom with lumps of falling solution, it is covered with boards.
Plaster the inner and outer surface of the walls of the well in two stages. First, a liquid solution is sprayed to fill all the cracks in the brickwork, and then thicker.
After plastering the first strip of masonry, you need to continue sampling the soil and masonry of the second strip. So you should alternate the work until the well is completely dug to the desired depth, which is fixed with concrete slabs placed under the knives of the main frame. Plates should go beyond the boundaries of the well by about half a meter. After completing all work, the bottom of the well must be well cleaned and covered with rubble, gravel or sand.
Sewer well
The laying of wells of this kind is carried out using clay bricks that do not allow water to pass through. For lack of one, red will do. Masonry is carried out in half a brick. Sewer wells are round, rectangular or square. To create them, you will need a lot of brick, cement, sand, bitumen, oily clay, gravel, as well as a slab for overlapping and a pipe for ventilation.
But first you need to choose the place where the brickwork of the wells will be carried out. The instruction with safety requirements for the installation and operation of sewer wells must be followed. The arrangement of such facilities is carried out at a distance of 30 meters from the source of drinking water.
If the well is intended for the accumulation of waste, it is placed on a summer cottage so that a sewage pump can drive up to it.
How to calculate the capacity of a sewer well?
This is easy to do. It is necessary to multiply the amount of water consumed per day in the country and the number of days for which the accumulation of sewage occurs, for the processing of which microorganisms take three days. This must be taken into account during the construction of a brick treatment plant. It should be sized so that there is enough space for the accumulation of waste for several days.
Masonry of a sewer well brick
After determining the location of the well, the acquisition of the necessary material proceed to construction. The technological process of laying masonry bricks begins with the filling of the foundation. The solution is prepared from two parts of sand, one each - gravel and cement. The height of the foundation is 20 centimeters. After pouring, he needs to give time for hardening. Usually one week is enough for this. Every day the foundation needs to be watered.
Then the masonry of the wells, plastering of the bottom and walls, and bitumen coating in two layers are done. A ceiling is installed from a reinforced concrete slab or a tarred shield made of wood, a hatch and a pipe for ventilation.
Brick manhole
Structures of this type are used in plumbing and sewage farms. The viewing well is recommended to be located at a distance of not less than 3-12 meters from the living room. Its size is determined by the owner individually. The main requirement is the availability of conditions for work related to the maintenance of the pipeline.
Wells can have different shapes. The walls of a round well have a thickness equal to the length of one brick, which is laid with pokes. Brickwork of a rectangular shape is performed according to a two-row system.
For bricklaying in dry soil, a mortar of cement and sand is used in a ratio of 1: 4, and in wet - 1: 3. The seams inside the well are also overwritten with mortar.
If groundwater occurs at the depth of a dug well, its outer surface is plastered. The layer thickness reaches two centimeters, and the height is half a meter above the groundwater level. When laying the walls of the well, staples made of cast iron or steel are closed into its seams. The distance between them is 35 centimeters. The staples are arranged vertically in a checkerboard pattern in two rows. They replace the stairs during the descent and ascent into the mine.
Requirements
The material from which the well is being built is subject to special requirements. Brick should not have chips, cracks and be hollow. The solution is taken with a standard formulation. It includes Portland cement M400 and clean sand with a grain size of no more than two millimeters. The solution is stronger if it contains less sand. This is easily recognized by the ratio of ingredients. The optimal solution is grade M50: one part of cement and four - sand.