Forms of the state: scheme. Form of government, political regime

The term directly related to the legal field of individual countries of the world, considering all the institutions of the administrative, territorial, legal field of activity in science, sounds like a “form of state” (the scheme is presented below). The state apparatus is called upon to develop internal economic, political, social processes leading to a general qualitative rise in all spheres of society.

Essential elements

The “Forms of State” scheme makes it clear that these are not some particular characteristics, but a whole system of assessing the state apparatus. At the same time, three main elements are distinguished:

• form of government;
• form of territorial structure (sometimes called state structure);
• political regime.

Each of these elements consists of subsections that comprehensively disclose all spheres of activity of the state.

Forms of government

In short, this is who runs the state. Modern science divides all countries in this sense into two broad categories: monarchy and republic. They, in turn, also lend themselves to further classification. So, there are two types of monarchy, limited and unlimited, like the republics, the presidential and parliamentary. The elements of the state’s form will differ dramatically and even oppose each other, which can be traced in history.

So, France for a long time could not determine the shape of the state. The people and the powers of the world hesitated, unable to determine what is better for the country, a monarchy or a republic. Moreover, this choice took place quite fiercely with great bloodshed. In the modern world, the question of the need to preserve the monarchical system in Spain, Britain and Japan has also been raised several times.

Monarchy

This is a form of government characterized by the power of one person, which applies to all spheres of activity of the state and society. The monarch can be unlimited in anything and act in various situations, since he wants it without fearing that someone will object to him. In this order, the monarchy will be called unlimited or absolute. Power is inherited.

In some states, the power of the monarch is limited to the activity of a representative body (Parliament, the Sejm, Cortes, etc.) or the Constitution. For example, in the United Kingdom monarchs today have exclusively ceremonial powers, symbolizing the inviolability of the law, traditions and history of the people.

Examples of states. An absolute monarchy reigns in the countries of the Persian Gulf (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and others), we observe a limited form in Norway, Sweden, Great Britain, Spain, etc.

Republic

Most modern states have chosen this type of state form. The scheme makes it clear that the republic can also be of two types: presidential and parliamentary. The first type is characterized by the empowerment of the president with the appointment of any member of the government, or the entire cabinet or his dismissal without agreement with the parliament. However, the government is not accountable to parliament. The latter, in turn, guided by the articles of the Constitution, has the right to raise the issue of the removal of the head of state from the leadership for various reasons.

The parliamentary republic is characterized by the appointment of the government and its dissolution (of both the entire composition and individual members) by the parliament, while the activities of individual ministers and the entire cabinet are also accountable to him.

Examples of states. Presidential republics - Brazil, Kazakhstan, France, USA, Mexico. A parliamentary form of government exists, for example, in France and Finland.

Each variety has two main characteristics that distinguish the republic from the monarchy as a whole.

• All officials are elected or appointed for a fixed term, including the head of state. Authorities are not inherited; in all spheres of the country's political life, the principle of electivity applies.
• Prevention of arbitrariness on the ground and in the center. For unfair execution of the assigned powers or for their non-fulfillment in the republic legal liability is provided.

Thus, the republican form is fundamentally different from the monarchy.

State device forms

The change in the territorial structure of various countries occurred throughout the history of civilizations. Empires, kingdoms were created, metropolises and colonies existed, then autonomies appeared. All this had an impact on the change in government throughout the world. At present, two established forms can be distinguished:

• unitary;
• federated.

Each has differences, including its pros and cons.

Unitary

Such modern countries as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Poland are unitary in terms of administrative-territorial structure. Elements of the form of the state at the same time have the following features:

• the whole territory is a single organism, without manifestation of political independence of individual regions;
• throughout the state operates a unified system of the state apparatus and the judicial system;
• the entire population has the same citizenship, i.e. in certain areas there can be no citizenship;
• a single system of taxation and redistribution, as a result, all taxes from the regions first go to the "center", where they are redistributed and returned to certain places in certain volumes;
• the law and its operation is complete and inevitable for all regions of the country.

As a result, we can say that the political form of the state has stability and a high degree of centralization of power.

Federated

This type of administrative-territorial structure is fundamentally different from unitary. Federations have the same thing, but twice as many.

• Citizens may have two citizenships. For example, a resident of Kazan may be a citizen of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation at the same time. In a unitary state, dual citizenship is prohibited by law.
• Double tax system. Perhaps the existence of federal taxes and taxes of individual entities.
• In certain regions and regions of the federation, there may exist its own judicial and legislative system. At the same time, the supremacy of federal laws is recognized, and those that were adopted in the regions should not contradict them. The same applies to judicial authorities.
• The presence of local and federal government bodies.

At present, more than twenty countries, including the USA, Switzerland, Russia, Mexico, etc., can be defined as the federal form of the state throughout the world.

Political regime

It is also called state. In short, these are the forms and methods of conducting political, economic, cultural and social activities by the country's leadership. Modern political science distinguishes two main types of regimes.

• Antidemocratic. A regime that violates human rights, sometimes even in the most severe forms. In the case of him, even the right to life may not be regulated by applicable law.
• Democratic. A regime based on the principle of recognizing human life as the most important value and respect for all rights, most of which a person is vested with at birth.

Antidemocratic regimes

The “Forms of State” scheme includes five regimes for this type.

• Authoritarian. The main feature is the presence of the ruling elite, headed by one leader, enjoying great benefits and privileges.
• Totalitarian. The regime is based on full (total) control of all spheres of human life, the subordination of all citizens to the interests of the country. In this case, the humiliation of an individual person occurs. All media, education, art, spiritual life are subordinate to the interests of the state. There is strict censorship, with a massive interpretation of the ideas of leaderism and the cult of personality of the leader.
• Despotic. It is based on the arbitrariness of the country's leadership in their activities, while lawlessness and subjugation of the population.
• Tyrannical. Similar to the previous regime, but a feature of tyranny is a violent seizure of power.
• Fascist. A regime that is part of a totalitarian regime. Its main feature is the presence of a racist ideology, in the key to the predominance of one "chosen" over all the others. In the most severe forms, it is manifested in the destruction of entire peoples. For example, Fascist Germany, which destroyed thousands of Jews and Gypsies.

Democratic regime

The legal form of a state with this type of political regime is based on the equal rights of all members of society, regardless of social, material status, race, gender, or nationality. The entire population equally uses their rights prescribed in the Constitution of the state and other legislative acts. A special sign of a democratic regime is the right to choose, including participation in the presidential election, or representative power. Democracy recognizes human life as the most important value, the presumption of innocence is proclaimed. a person cannot be convicted until such time as the court has done so.

The information presented in the article proves that the world is not uniform. There are more than two hundred recognized states with a different form of government, administrative-territorial structure, and political regime. Each form has its own advantages and disadvantages, even under the fascist regime of Adolf Hitler there were positive aspects: a sharp increase in the economy, the development of science, architecture, and a rise in many times of patriotism among different layers of the population.