The basement in a private house is the most suitable place to store vegetables and canned goods. It is usually built by the owners of country houses and country houses, as well as the owners of apartments, if their housing is located on the ground floor and provides the opportunity to implement this venture.
A premise with this purpose has optimal conditions for storing vegetables and vegetables throughout the year. If the cellar is built correctly, then a constant temperature will be maintained there from +2 to -4 ° C, which guarantees the safety of products.
Varieties of basements
Before you build a basement, you must choose one or another design, which can be made of different materials, namely:
- concrete;
- stone;
- metal;
- brick;
- wood.
Such premises can also be classified according to the degree of depth, they are:
- half buried;
- ground;
- bulk;
- buried;
- located on the slope.
Basements are also under the house, summer kitchen, terrace, garage or balcony. However, if you plan to place such a room under a private building, then it is better to do this at the design stage of the building. It will not be so time-consuming and will allow you to perform work efficiently and quickly. At the same time, the walls of the foundation can act as the walls of the structure, and the basement will become the overlap. This approach is especially often practiced in the construction of garages.
Definition of design features
Before you build a basement, you must decide what parameters it will have. It is important to determine the location of the object. It is located on an elevated site. The most suitable parameters will be 2 x 2 m. You can deepen the space by 3 m. But the structure can be made even more impressive in size and also deep. Everything will depend on the needs of the owners of the house.
Before starting construction, it is important to determine the groundwater level. To do this, it is necessary to prepare a hole, delving into the soil by 3 m. A pipe is installed in it, and then they are watching at what mark the water will appear. If you do not have a pipe, then such information can be obtained from the neighbors. When groundwater is too close, a drainage system will be required, as well as waterproofing of the walls and bottom.
Drainage pipes should be located around the perimeter, they are usually below the bottom. Pipes are laid with a slope, which should be directed towards the dug hole, where water will collect. Masters can prepare drainage ditches that are pre-filled with coarse gravel.
Construction Methods
If you are thinking about how to build a basement, you should know that with low groundwater you can work in one of two ways: pit or lowering. The latest technology is that the basement box of brick and concrete is erected on the surface of the earth, and then gradually deepens, soil is dug out from under it. This method can be compared with the construction of a well. The technology is time-consuming and time-consuming, but does not damage the landscape of the site.
You will have the opportunity to waterproof the box outside at the initial stage. Quite often, the owners of suburban homes and detached housing in the city raises the question of how to build a basement. A more popular way to do this is to work in a pre-prepared foundation pit. It is necessary to use an excavator for excavation, which should deepen by 3 m.
On all sides, the dimensions of the pit should be 0.5 m larger. The bottom and walls are well aligned, and you have to manually select the soil. If groundwater is absent or lies too deep, then enhanced waterproofing is not required. The construction of the cellar is quite simple.
Basement construction in the pit: preparation of the foundation
If you decide to build a basement with your own hands, then the construction of the storehouse must begin with the preparation of the foundation, which will be located on the entire bottom area. To do this, dig a hole, the bottom of which is leveled and covered with a layer of sand. The next layer will be crushed stone and a brick fight. Its thickness is 20 cm or more.
At the next stage, it is necessary to heat the bitumen and pour it so that the surface is equal. Such a base will protect the basement from moisture. On top of the rubble should be laid metal 6 mm wire or fittings. After concrete is poured, the layer thickness of which reaches 15 cm. As soon as the mortar hardens, it is necessary to lay out the box according to the size of the basement. The base in width and length should be more than the outer dimensions of the walls by 50 cm maximum.
Wall construction
If you decide to build a basement with your own hands, then you need to act on technology. At the next stage, it provides for the laying of walls. Their thickness should be equal to one brick. It is necessary to work in a blanket, the spoon and bonder rows will alternate among themselves. For masonry, a brick of the M100 brand is prepared, which is fastened with a cement mortar. Before laying, the material is moistened.
Using a 4 mm metal wire, the masonry needs to be strengthened through every fourth row. Particular attention must be paid to the corners, this is where the fittings are laid. The wire is located on both sides of the masonry with a deviation from the edges of 5 cm. It is important to remember that the strength of a brick wall is extremely important. Reinforcement should not be spared, brickwork must be strengthened to the maximum.
Plastering
If you are faced with the question of how to build a basement, then you should know that brick walls must be plastered with cement-sand mortar. It must be applied not only inside, but also on the outside. Masonry is required to ensure that the cement slurry adheres well. The plaster should be allowed to dry. This will take about a month, during which time the solution will gain strength.
Waterproofing
If you are thinking about how to build a dry basement, then you should familiarize yourself with the features of waterproofing. To do this, dry plaster is covered with hot bituminous mastic in 2 layers and glued with roofing material, which is impregnated with resin. Ruberoid is glued with an overlap. Horizontal and vertical layers must be alternated. Ruberoid is glued with molten bitumen.
Particular attention should be paid to insulation in those places where the walls are joined to the base. The ruberoid is glued so that the sheets come on a horizontal surface. At the next stage, you can begin to backfill the pit. The walls are pre-coated with oily clay. The thickness of the formed layer should be 10 cm. The rest of the space is covered with earth.
Interior decoration
Quite often, home masters wonder how to build a basement. The technology of work involves the need for interior decoration. It is convenient to carry out these works up to the moment of flooring. You can use different materials, for example:
- tile;
- whitewash;
- plaster;
- moisture resistant materials.
An alternative solution is asbestos cement slate, which is laid on a wooden crate. For bottom devices, roofing material is used, which is laid on a concrete surface in two layers. You need to use hot bitumen. The material should go 30 cm onto the walls. A screed is made along the roofing material, and then you can start laying the tiles.
Overlap
If you are thinking about how to properly build a basement under a house, you should also take care of the need for a flooring device. The basement is covered with reinforced concrete slab, timber, concrete slabs, slabs, logs or thick boards. Your choice will depend on the budget allocated for the construction, as well as the availability of certain materials.
The easiest option is to overlap from thick boards. The boards should first be soaked with hot bitumen and covered with roofing material. Along the perimeter, a frame of a channel is laid on the walls. But you can use the corner number 65. At the next stage, you can proceed with the installation of a log or beam, the distance between the elements is 0.6 m.
The ceiling should have a hole with a size of 0.75 x 0.75 m. However, you can increase the parameters to 1 x 1 m. The frame of the manhole is welded from a metal corner so that it is possible to install two covers. The first will be located at the ceiling level, while the other will be at ground level. This will provide additional thermal insulation in the winter.
The cover can be made folding, it can be removable or on wooden hinges. It is insulated with appropriate materials. If you are faced with the question of how to build a cellar or basement, then you must act on a certain algorithm. It provides for the installation of stairs at an angle of 45 °. As for thermal insulation, it can be made of a clay layer, which is laid in a thickness of 30 cm or more. Sometimes a 50 cm layer of earth is used for this.
Ventilation system device
In order for the basement to function correctly, it is necessary to install exhaust and supply ventilation in it. For this, two pipes are installed in opposite corners of the room. The end of one should be closer to the bottom of the cellar. It is necessary to remove it from the bottom by 50 cm maximum. The other end should be closer to the ceiling. This will ensure air circulation.
Pipes should be asbestos-cement, metal or plastic. When choosing products, you should pay special attention to their diameter, which will ensure good air exchange. If you decide to build a basement for storing vegetables, the area of which will be 6 m2, then you should prepare pipes with a diameter within 12 cm.
In winter, ventilation is blocked by burlap outside and inside. It is recommended to hang an alcohol thermometer in the room, which will monitor the temperature level. You can also equip the room with a psychrometer, which will help the user monitor humidity.
Basement Cellar
In those regions where the soil freezes up to 2 m in depth, as well as for landscape design of the site above the cellar outside the house, an additional cellar can be installed. It is a four-gable or gable roof, which will cover the cellar throughout the area. Additionally, you should install the front door on one side.
The roof is usually covered with insulation materials, it can be:
Partially or completely, the structure is covered by the ground, which will ensure a normal microclimate inside and decorate the site.
Basement device in an existing house
If you want to make a basement in a built house with your own hands, then you need to make sure in advance that when digging a foundation pit under it, you will not come across water. This requirement is due to the fact that sometimes when digging a hole with a depression of up to 2 m (which is an acceptable minimum of height), water can already be met through the meter even in the dry season.
Such an outcome will not allow you to arrange a room under the house - you will have to backfill the soil, otherwise the water will constantly or periodically stagnate, which will entail the corresponding inconvenience in the form of constant humidity under the floor.
If you decide to build a basement under the house and did not find nearby groundwater, then work can continue. It is better if they will be carried out before closing the floor of the first floor. Otherwise, it will be necessary to work crawling, and then continue in a limited space to manipulate. The basement in this case will not be located under the whole house, but with a distance from the foundation for a certain distance. Otherwise, you may encounter shedding of soil until niches form under the base through which the street will be visible.
A drawdown of the capital base may also occur. After this, you will also have to fill up the dug trenches, as well as fill them with concrete and reinforce to prevent the collapse of the entire building. If you are thinking about how to build a basement in a private house, which is already in operation, it is important to evaluate many factors. It is better if the dimensions of the pit are no more than 2 x 4 m. The first value is the depth. The distance from the foundation should be 2 m, and the room itself will be located in the central part of the house. If the supports of the genital lag or the inner wall are located in this place, then you should think about how to transfer them or redistribute the load.
An alternative solution is the restoration of supports after the basement device. Some inconvenience in this case is that the hole inside will not be located against the wall, but with some displacement to the center of the house. If you still want to place the entrance in a corner, then you will have to carry out additional work to deepen and alter the foundation in this corner. With some types of soil, it is necessary to use formwork from boards so that the edges of the pit do not crumble. In this case, it is necessary to act on the principle that is used when digging wells.
In a wooden well, crowns from logs or timber are laid out, and after digging is carried out under the lower crown, and the upper ones are built up. The same should be done in the case of the basement. However, instead of a beam or logs, a trim board should be used, the thickness of which is 30 mm. Additionally, vertical racks in the form of bars are used, which are located inside the pit and build up as the formwork is lowered.
If you, too, were among those who thought about how to make a basement in a built house, then after earthwork is completed, vertical reinforcement is installed at the planned depth and is driven into the basement floor with the lower ends. The ligament must be carried out around the perimeter. Next, proceed to install the internal formwork. In the beginning, the lower boards are installed, concrete is poured, and then the upper rows are expanded. After you can continue pouring the solution. If the formwork is not installed to the full height, then pouring concrete from above will be quite difficult.
House with a cellar
If you decide to build a house with a basement, then after completing the marking, you need to dig a trench and form the formwork. Shields are fixed at the edges, and then you can proceed to reinforcement and pouring. The base is maintained for 4 weeks, the formwork is removed, and a foundation pit is excavated inside for a basement.
At the next stage, the base is prepared according to the above scheme, the walls are waterproofed, drainage and drainage are necessarily carried out. If you are faced with the question of how to build a house with a basement correctly, then you must act according to the algorithm described in the article above. Once the base and the cellar are ready, you can proceed to the device of the ceiling and the erection of walls.
Conclusion
It is better to provide for the laying of the basement at the design stage of the house. Its device is carried out at the time of construction. This requirement is due to the fact that in an operating building it is rather difficult to carry out such work, because they are labor intensive and can create the likelihood of a house collapse.