Any element of the layout of a residential or office building should be designed in such a way as to be comfortable and safe for people in it. This concerns, of course, including the staircase and elevator unit. Design this part of the house should be in strict compliance with all applicable standards.
Definition and Functions
The staircase-elevator unit is called part of the layout of the building, combining the building elements from the entrance to the apartment doors. That is, in residential buildings this is a common entrance with all its components.
It is in the elevator-staircase node of the building that the main vertical and horizontal communications pass, ensuring the comfort of people in the building. Also, this unit, if necessary, is used to evacuate residents of the house or office workers.
An LLU in a residential or office building can include many elements. And all of them should be located and designed in accordance with applicable standards and rules. Various kinds of documents regulating the design of staircase elevators in Russia have been preserved since Soviet times. Even the old houses in our country are designed in such a way that it is convenient for their residents to move into apartments from the entrance to the house.
Essential elements
In the design and construction of residential buildings in most cases, a simplified diagram of the staircase and elevator node is implemented. Its main elements in such buildings are:
In houses above five floors, lifts are often included in the structure of LLU. In residential buildings, the mines of the latter are usually adjacent to the flights of stairs.
Also, elements of a staircase-elevator node in houses can be:
garbage chutes;
floor corridors.
Of course, fire ladders are usually part of the LLU in residential and public buildings. Sometimes in apartment buildings and such nodes of the landing, such as "pockets" in front of the entrances to the apartment. In modern homes, public service facilities are often also included in the structure of LLU.
Types of Nodes
As already mentioned, most often in residential buildings, staircase elevators are equipped according to a simplified scheme. Such a layout is considered the most suitable for typical single-section or multi-section houses, most often found in cities. Each such building has several LLUs.
In point houses, a slightly different scheme for arranging the access node is usually implemented. In this case, the LLU is usually arranged in the form of an island in the geometric center of the building. In this case, the elevator doors in the building open in one room.
In buildings of irregular shape, the third scheme of the staircase and elevator unit is sometimes implemented. In such houses, in some cases, this planning element is carried out towards the facade and placed along it, and not perpendicularly.
Requirements
When organizing an LLD, the standards stipulated by SNIP 2.08-01-89 and 31-01-2003, as well as SP 31-107-2004, must be primarily observed. According to these documents, for example, in buildings with a height of 3 to 5 floors, the staircase is supposed to equip the staircase exclusively with fireproof materials. In houses above 5 floors, it is also recommended to additionally equip the garbage chute and install a serviced container under it for receiving household waste.
In buildings from 6 to 10 floors, the standards provide, among other things, the arrangement of a passenger elevator shaft with a lifting capacity of 320 kg or more. It is also allowed to lay it directly in the staircase itself - in the space between the marches.
The elevator shaft is called a vertical element, fully or partially fenced, extending from the pit to the floor. Such a vertical opening can be arranged according to three main methods:
element-wise;
using enlarged blocks;
tubing.
In the first case, nodes and elements are used to assemble the elevator shaft separately. When applying the second technology, installation is made from larger parts. In this case, some nodes and elements are first assembled in blocks on the ground. When applying tubing technology, individual parts of the shaft are mounted from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements.
In buildings from 10 to 16 floors, according to the regulations, there must be, among other things, an elevator hall. This increases the safety of the lift for residents. Also in such houses two elevator shafts are usually equipped: for passenger and freight. The carrying capacity of the first should be 320 kg, the second - 500 kg.
In addition, according to the regulations, in such residential buildings, it is supposed to equip a smoke-free fire escape ladder on the staircase and elevator assembly. At the same time, it should be equipped with an exhaust ventilation system that communicates with the elevator halls through the air lock and faces the street.
In buildings with a height of more than 16 floors in the elevator and stairwells, exactly the same elements are used. But in this case, the required number of elevators, as well as the intensity of their movement, are determined by fairly complex engineering calculations, taking into account the average expectation and use of the elevator for 2 minutes.
Attic and basement
These elements are not part of the staircase elevator node of the building. However, the entrances to them from the entrance must be organized, of course, correctly. Entrance to the technical underground or basement in buildings above three floors is usually completely isolated from the stairwell. It is believed that in this case it is best to equip it directly from the street, from the common porch through a separate door or through a pit.
Entrance to the attic in such buildings is usually placed in one of the stairwells. In a special way, this element of planning is equipped in buildings of large length. In this case, the entrance to the attic is located in stairwells with a through passage. The latter on the ground floor are equipped with an interval of up to 90 m. Passageways for fire engines, according to the standards, are made with an interval of up to 190 m. With perimeter building, this figure can be increased up to 180 m, and with an explosive one - up to 300 m .
Fire safety
Of course, people should be extremely comfortable moving within the LLU. But, as already mentioned, this element of the layout of the building, in addition to ensuring the movement of tenants into apartments, performs another important function. The staircase and elevator nodes in the house is an escape route in case of fire. That is, they must additionally ensure the safety of people living in the building.
According to the regulations, buildings above 9 floors must be equipped with, among other things, non-smoke stairs. Moreover, each apartment in the house must have access to at least one such march. There are several constructions of this type in a building.
Firstly, these are metal fire escape stairs located between the loggias and balconies. Secondly, the internal marching lifting structures, supplemented by air locks formed by the passage through the balcony, are also classified as non-smokeable.
Dimensions of staircase elevators
In multi-storey residential buildings, such planning elements have standard sizes. In the staircase of a typical floor, 8 steps and 9 risers are usually provided. This increases the comfort of using the lifting structure. The width of the march tread in residential buildings is 26 cm, and the riser height is 15.45 cm. The width of the stairs, according to the standards, in such houses should be equal to 105 cm with a distance of 10 cm between them. Internal dimensions of the lifting structures in residential buildings houses are usually equal to 480x220 cm.
Such sizes of nodes for standard flights of stairs intended directly for moving people to apartments are provided. Also in urban high-rise buildings other types of stairs can be equipped:
leading to the basement;
in the attic;
for non-standard floors.
In any case, for staircase elevators, the dimensions in multi-story buildings are determined by established standards.
Elevator Rules
Such lifts are provided, as we have found, in houses with a height of more than 5 floors. It is not allowed to equip the elevator shaft near the walls of residential premises, according to the standards. Otherwise, the apartment owners will be greatly disturbed by the noise from the operated lift.
Elevator doors in multi-storey buildings should face the lobby and floor halls. The required number of elevator nodes in the building is calculated, among other things, taking into account the following factors:
According to the regulations, the width of the landing in front of the passenger elevator should not be less than 120 cm, in front of the freight elevator - 160-210 cm. In case the elevator is located at the end, this indicator is usually slightly increased.
Garbage container
Shafts for household waste in staircase elevators in multi-storey residential buildings are usually located against the walls in such a way as to prevent people moving along the marches from contacting their walls. Garbage chambers, according to the regulations, should be installed on the ground floor in isolation from the lobby. In this case, a separate door should lead to this tank from the street. To place the camera under the apartments or adjacent to them is not allowed. This can cause an unpleasant odor in the living room, as well as the spread of various infectious diseases.
Corridors
These elements of the layout in standard high-rise buildings are usually not too long. The exception in this regard is only the corridor type houses. In such buildings, the entrance doors to the apartments are located precisely on the sides of the long aisle. Corridors in houses of this type are the main horizontal elements of LLU.
Too long, according to the regulations, it is impossible to make corridors in high-rise buildings. This is primarily due to fire safety. In any case, the distance from the front door to any apartment to the stairs or the elevator hall should not exceed 40 m. In this case, the maximum length of the dead end of the corridor can be 25 m.
In corridor residential buildings with a height of up to 10 floors with a total area of apartments in the entrance of not more than 500 m 2, it is supposed to provide exits to at least two non-smoking staircases. At the same time, floor-mounted exits from the corridor can be brought to such lifting structures.
Smokeless stairwells
These elements of the layout of the staircase and elevator unit can be heated or cold. In the first case, they are in the body of the residential building. Cold, smokeless stairwells are attached to the long or end wall of the house from the side of the street. In the latter case, they can be covered with glass on two or three sides (but no more).
In the northern regions of Russia, staircase elevators with non-smokeable staircases in houses can be designed in a special way, which is partially determined by the climate. In addition to fire lifting structures with air inlets, it is recommended that buildings in cold regions provide one or two additional staircases with air pressure to maintain heat.
General Lobby
Such planning elements are usually provided in new buildings. Such premises can be intended only for some residents of the house or for all apartment owners. In the first case, they are called closed, in the second - open. For example, public service premises such as:
In ordinary houses, such lobbies, according to the regulations, must be equipped at each entrance. In buildings of the corridor type, such premises are equipped at the entrance and at the locations of the elevators. Most often, compartments for various purposes are located in the same lobby. According to the regulations, its area should be determined on the basis of a minimum of 0.4 m2 for every 100 m2 of living space.
What other public facilities can be equipped
In houses located on streets without traffic and with an excellent microclimate, apartments can communicate with adjoining land plots. Common staircase and elevator nodes in buildings in this case are also provided. However, in buildings located in this way, additional exits can also be arranged leading directly from the living quarters to the street. Designed in this way at home most often abroad.
In buildings located on streets with not too heavy traffic, on the first floors there may be premises intended for the approximate servicing of residents, for example, such as:
Such elements of the layout in the elevator and staircases in multi-storey residential buildings can be located both on the ground floors and in basements or outbuildings.
In buildings located on highways of city and district destination, the ground floors are usually considered unsuitable for living. In such buildings in this part, various types of non-residential premises are usually equipped. This can be, for example, libraries, cafes, pharmacies, etc. In buildings located in the city center or planning area, the ground floors also often occupy urban service premises.
Modernization
In old houses, LLUs, of course, may not meet modern requirements for comfort and safety. In this case, such planning elements are often modernized. Stairs and elevator units during such work are sometimes supplemented with new elements. It can be, for example, vestibules, elevators, fire exits and stairs, etc.
Also, some elements from the layout of the staircase and elevator node in old houses are sometimes excluded. For example, black staircases can be dismantled in the entrances. In some cases, when modernizing LLU in old houses, new convenient and safer marches for the movement of people are installed.