Each young citizen of the Russian Federation has his own rights, as well as obligations. The rights and obligations of minors are differentiated by age. A person under the age of 18 years is recognized as a minor or a child in accordance with applicable Russian and international laws. You can familiarize yourself with their main rights in the 11th chapter of the Family Code.
Rights of children under 14
From birth, the baby receives a certain set of rights. For this, the very fact of birth is enough, which is enshrined in the Declaration on the Rights of the People, adopted back in 1948 at the UN. Its main idea is that from the moment of birth, all people are endowed with equal rights. They are free. Everyone should communicate with each other in the spirit of brotherhood.
The rights and obligations of minors should be considered in detail, each individually.
The right to life, integrity and freedom
The main right of any inhabitant of the earth, including a child of any age, is the right to life. It appears from the very moment of birth. This explains the fact that responsibility for causing death lies with actions against people of any age, including newborn children.
The right to immunity is expressed in the prohibition of any harsh punishment. This applies not only to physical torture, but also to actions that can degrade a person’s dignity.
Children's freedom is a special concept. It comes down to the impossibility of modern man turning into slavery. It is relevant for both adults and children of all ages.
The right to citizenship, name, social protection
In accordance with the current legislation, which reflects the real rights and obligations of minors, parents choose a name for their child. They determine the middle name and last name. Moreover, the patronymic is assigned by the father or, in his absence, simply at the direction of the mother. Last name can be given by any of the parents.
Every kid whose parents are Russian citizens automatically acquires Russian citizenship.
The right to social protection of the child deserves special attention. It boils down to the fact that every baby should receive the conditions that are necessary for his development, both spiritual and physical, moral, mental.
The right to education and family
The personality of the child requires full development. To do this, everyone is guaranteed education. Moreover, if pre-school education and its obtaining is voluntary, then primary and secondary education should be free for every child.
He has the right to a family, it is the responsibility of parents to support minors. Therefore, the process of raising a child should certainly be carried out in the family, with the exception of special cases, when this may go against the interests of the baby. The task of parents is to create an atmosphere of respect, love and care in the family. It is her responsibility to provide material needs for children and needs.
The right to own opinion, to protection and assistance
The current rights of the child stipulate that assistance and the necessary protection, ceteris paribus, are primarily provided to children. This feature applies to both medical and social, psychological assistance.
The family, as a unit of society, involves taking into account the interests of each of its members during the decision-making process. Children also take part in resolving issues if they are directly related to their interests. The official right to express one’s opinion appears in children from 10 years of age and older. From that moment on, they can be full participants in court hearings. Of course, for many reasons, the status of determining children's opinion cannot be obtained. But it must be taken into account, taken into account during the adoption of major decisions.
The current legislation provides for a number of cases when a decision is made only after obtaining the consent of the child. First of all, this concerns issues of adoption and some other areas.
Children's property rights
Considering the rights and obligations of minor children, you should definitely pay attention to the property sphere. So, from birth, the baby can be endowed with certain property rights. Therefore, children can accept things about other objects as a gift, inherit them and perform other actions. It is important to understand that all property powers in such situations are transferred specifically to the child, even despite the fact that legal representatives continue to act for them.
The most common situation is the child support issue. The amount transferred for the maintenance of the child belongs to him. But the responsibility for spending rests with the parent, with whom he remains, taking into account the fact that you can spend these funds exclusively on the needs of the minor. The responsibilities of parents of minor children legally end when they reach the age of 18.
The scope of responsibility and rights of children, depending on their age
The first rights appear in the child from the moment of birth. But as they grow older, their list expands significantly. Added to them and responsibilities. Each age period should be considered separately.
Children 0-6 years old
From the moment a baby is born, he has a number of rights, namely:
- on a surname and a name;
- to raise a family;
- to protect;
- on citizenship;
- to communicate with parents and other relatives;
- for support from the family, in the first place, from the parents.
Already from this age comes responsibility to parents, as well as to teachers.
Children 6-8 years old
From this age, the responsibilities and responsibilities of minors expand.
They must obey their parents and teachers, receive general school education, and follow the rules of conduct established in public places and educational institutions. Now they are responsible not only to their parents, but also to teachers, the school administration.
Not only the responsibilities of minors are added, but also their rights. So, six-year-old children can make small-scale household transactions that do not need notarization and registration, can spend funds received from parents, and freely dispose of them.
Children 8-10 years old
Eight-year-olds additionally receive rights to participate in public children's associations. In this case, the obligations of minors necessarily imply compliance with the rules established in this association, and responsibility for observing its charter sets in.
Upon reaching the age of 10, the child has one of the first “adult” rights - taking into account children's opinions when solving important family issues, one way or another, relating to children's interests. In addition, from that moment, the guys become full participants in administrative and judicial proceedings.
In addition, 10-year-old children begin to take part in their own destiny. So, they can give consent to the adoption or restoration of the rights of blood relatives, agree to a change in last name, first name.
Children 11-14 years old
From the age of eleven, children bear real responsibility for their actions. From this moment they can be placed in special educational institutions designed for adolescents and children who are not yet subject to criminal liability. Duration of stay in closed centers for them, where juvenile offenders are held, is limited to a 30-day period. For this, an appropriate order from the judge is required.
Upon reaching the age of 14, serious rights and obligations of minor children are added. So, they get the right to:
- obtaining a civil passport of the Russian Federation;
- consent to a change in one's own citizenship;
- independent appeal to the courts in order to protect their own rights;
- requirements for the abolition of adoption;
- paternity requirements for a child;
- disposition of own income;
- work in a time free from studies if there is consent of one of the parents and no more than 4 hours a day (restrictions are specified in the current labor code);
- take part in youth public associations;
- the exercise of copyright and any intellectual activity, including the full disposal of them;
- transactions;
- making bank deposits, disposal of funds at their discretion.
Along with this, the circle of responsibility and responsibilities of minors is expanding. Children from this age should fulfill the labor duties stipulated by the terms of the labor contract, follow the labor legislation, observe the work schedule, the rules of the study schedule, and adhere to the requirements of the charter of the youth association.
For 14-year-old children, the responsibility comes:
- for violation of the school charter and serious offenses - up to and including exclusion;
- for neglecting labor discipline;
- for causing harm to health, robbery and rape, as well as such unlawful acts as vandalism, false reports of terrorist attacks, extortion and others - criminal liability;
- property liability in the framework of transactions;
- compensation for harm.
Failure to fulfill obligations of minors can have real consequences.
Children 15-17 years old
Upon reaching the age of 15, children have the right to work, if the union gives consent. The working week is limited to 24 hours. Preferential working conditions are created.
A number of rights are granted to a child who is 16 years old. From this moment, he can independently:
- to marry, if there is permission from local government or special reasons (for example, pregnancy);
- join cooperatives;
- to obtain full legal capacity if there is an appropriate decision from the guardianship authorities or the court (with the consent of the parents, entrepreneurial activity is allowed);
- work within 36 hours a week;
- learn to drive a car, drive a moped.
The responsibilities of underage children are further expanded, as is the responsibility. In addition, responsibility for committing administrative offenses, as well as criminal offenses, is punished in accordance with the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation or the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.
17-year-old boys are required to independently register for military service, issue an ascribed certificate at the military registration and enlistment office, and undergo a medical examination.
From eighteen and older
Parents are liable for raising a minor up to the age of 18. From this moment, a person acquires full rights, and with them the duties and full responsibility for the actions committed.
Even at this age, a number of limitations remain. Mostly they relate to the ability to occupy serious public positions like the president of the country (from 35 years old), the deputy of the State Duma (from 21 years old) and others.
Minor parents
From the moment a child appears in the family, all the responsibilities of the parents in the maintenance of minor children are assigned to them. In some cases, children under the age of 18 become parents themselves.
The responsibilities of minor parents are not much different from what is prescribed for adults. At the same time, parents who have not reached the age of majority have the right to raise a child and live together with him. If they are not married, but the fact of fatherhood or motherhood is established, they can fully fulfill parental responsibilities as soon as they are sixteen years old.
Up to this point, the baby receives a guardian, who also takes part in his upbringing. In case of disagreement, their resolution lies with the guardianship and trusteeship authorities. Failure to fulfill the obligations of raising a minor may result in punishment.
Obligations of parents regarding minor children
The current legislation defines a number of responsibilities for parents regarding minor children.
Moreover, they, regardless of their age, are endowed with parental rights and obligations in terms of education and upbringing of children. The cases when children are born to one of the people who themselves have not yet reached the age of 18 are no exception.
Parents are required to:
- provide spiritual, mental, moral development of the child;
- protect his interests;
- take care of the baby’s health;
- to provide them with a general education.
Failure to fulfill obligations regarding minors may result in sanctions and penalties. At the same time, the interests of children cannot contradict parental rights, since their main task is to ensure the interests of their own child. This is prescribed at the legislative level by the Civil Code.
As part of the exercise of parental rights, mental and physical harm is not permitted. The choice of methods of education should be responsible and conscious - rudeness, humiliation, cruelty are unacceptable here.
Each child, regardless of his age, is endowed not only with rights, but also with responsibilities. They are closely intertwined with each other. Therefore, from an early age, parents should explain to children that, in addition to desires, there are also obligations. As you grow older for non-fulfillment of certain obligations, a violation of the established standards will entail real consequences.