In the construction of buildings and structures can be used in a variety of types of formwork. Such structures serve for the construction of monolithic walls, foundations, etc. The most common type of formwork in this case is small-panel. It differs from a large one primarily in size. The main advantage of this design is ease of use.
Scope of application
Small panel formwork can be used in the construction of a variety of objects. In addition to walls and foundations, similar structures are used, for example, in the construction of:
Benefits of using
Small-panel formwork can be used for both ground and underground construction. Its undoubted advantages include:
Small panel formwork: basic elements
Most often during construction, collapsible constructions of this type are used. Similar formwork consists of:
corner and linear panels;
compound farms and fights;
supporting posts (in formwork for floors of buildings);
connecting and fastening elements.
Technical and economic indicators re-construction may have, for example, such:
It is these characteristics that distinguish one of the formwork, developed back in the days of the USSR by Gosstroy specialists. Nowadays, more modern designs of this type can be applied. For example, small-panel steel formwork “Quart” has the following characteristics:
turnover for steel frame - 100 cycles;
for the deck - 60 cycles;
the average weight of the shield is 26 kg / m 2 .
Modern industrial formwork can be made both from wood, and from steel or other materials. To obtain a clean and smooth surface of the constructed object in such structures , an additional element is used - the deck. It is made either from moisture-proof plywood, or from tin. To the main elements of the formwork, the deck is usually mounted on self-tapping screws.
Types of assembly method
Most often during construction, collapsible-panel structures are used in this way. But sometimes, modular formwork of this type is also used to fill monolithic structures. Such structures are able to withstand concrete pressure of 40 kN / m 2 . Their main feature is that they consist of elements of a fixed size. Modular designs are usually made of laminated plywood with a thickness of more than 18 mm. The advantage of formwork of this type is including the fact that when the individual elements wear out, they can be replaced with new ones. Using such systems, surfaces of any configuration are easily formed. Most often, modular formwork is used in the construction of private houses and public buildings for various purposes.
The advantage of collapsible formwork is considered primarily that they can be installed in both planes. Moreover, such structures are assembled and disassembled very quickly. If necessary, even curved forms can be poured using the formwork of this variety . For example, it is precisely such structures that are used in the construction of round concrete porches.
Types of Turnover
According to this criterion, all small-panel formwork of cells are assigned for inventory and single use. In the first case, the structure can be used repeatedly for the construction of mostly the same type of structures. Single-use formwork is required for pouring unique concrete objects.
The disadvantages of small-panel constructions
The advantages of such formwork are many. But they also have some disadvantages. First of all, the disadvantages of such structures include the complexity in the assembly. Also, the appearance of finished structures erected using small-panel formwork may not be too neat. After all, the places of rearrangement of shields in height in any case on the surface of the object will be noticeable.
How to install a modular design
The assembly of this form of formwork begins with a corner element. Next to the last are adjacent blocks attached. In this case, connecting elements with special springs are used. The “walls” of such formwork are assembled using tie bolts. The supporting frame is formed of two panels mounted opposite each other. The latter are connected using special locks. The end and top of the shields are fastened with spacer bars. In this case, locks are also used for fixing.
Installation of small-panel formwork of removable industrial
Installation of this type of construction is also carried out in several stages:
mounted auxiliary structure (using corners and shields);
adjacent panels are installed;
adjacent panels are secured with spring hooks;
the collected box is placed in the design position and is straightened.
Concrete mixture is usually poured into the formwork using a deep vibrator.
Standard Dimension Requirements for Industrial Structures
Small panel formwork is produced by many manufacturers. But in their manufacture, in any case, GOST standards must be observed. So, the area of one formwork shield should not, for example, exceed 3 m 2 . The minimum weight in this case is 50 kg. It is these dimensions that allow you to mount the structure without the use of special equipment.
The sizes of small-panel formwork of an industrial one brand may be different . For example, in the popular Framax design, the height indicator can be 135, 270 or 330 cm. Five standard sizes of design panels of this brand are provided in width - 30, 45, 60, 90 and 135 cm.
Homemade Options
Very often small-panel formwork is used for the foundation and monolithic walls and in private construction. Industrial designs of this type are most often used by small, medium and large construction organizations. Individuals in the construction of houses usually still use much cheaper home-made formwork. You can use any improvised materials for this design. Making it yourself with this is quite simple.
Home-made formwork, in turn, is also divided into two main varieties - ordinary and interchangeable. The advantage of the latter type of construction is material saving.
It consists of a home-made collapsible small-panel formwork and usually of two panels and elements designed for their fastening. In the process, it is moved around the perimeter of the constructed object. The disadvantage of this type of construction is, first of all, that the building elements poured with its help are less durable and reliable.
The usual stationary home-made collapsible formwork is installed around the perimeter of the entire facility under construction. Its advantage is reliability and a more accurate appearance of the finished structure. The disadvantage of such auxiliary equipment is the complexity in the assembly / disassembly and the need to use a large amount of materials.
Homemade formwork design elements
Such formwork can be mounted from a variety of materials. Shields are most often assembled from boards. Fasten them with bars. Also for the manufacture of shields can be used tin. This material is often used, for example, to fill curved objects.
As spacers for home-made formwork, beams or reinforcing bars of the appropriate width of the erected object of length can be used. The fastening of shields is most often done using steel wire. Sometimes bolted joints are also used. From the outside, the structure is additionally strengthened by struts from the bars.
Dimensions of homemade formwork
The width of the shields of such structures depends on the height of the constructed object. According to the standards, the difference between these two indicators should not exceed 5 cm. The small-panel formwork for walls that are movable is most often assembled from two or three boards with a width of 150 mm. In this case, the design is light enough to be able to quickly move around the perimeter of the constructed object with its own forces.
The maximum permissible length of the shields of home-made formwork used to fill walls and foundations is 3 meters. Boards for assembling such a design should have a thickness of at least 20 mm. Bars for their fastening, struts and struts are usually chosen with a section of 40x40 mm. The minimum thickness of the sheet for the assembly of such formwork is 1-2 mm.