The organization of educational activities is regulated by Federal Law No. 273. A normative act regulates social relations that arise in the field of education. Let us further consider the specifics of educational activity.
Principles
The organization of educational activity is based on the following provisions:
- Recognition of priority training.
- Ensuring the rights of people to receive education, non-discrimination.
- The humanistic nature of the industry, the priority of human health and life, individual freedoms, mutual respect, citizenship, industriousness, legal culture, responsibility, and respect for the environment.
- The formation of a single educational space in Russia, the development and protection of ethnocultural traditions and characteristics of the peoples of the country.
- Creating the right conditions for the integration of domestic and foreign training systems on a mutually beneficial and equitable basis.
- Secular nature of pedagogical activity in municipal and state institutions of the corresponding profile.
- The freedom to choose a learning method taking into account the needs and inclinations of a person, the formation of conditions for self-realization.
- Ensuring the right to receive education throughout life in accordance with the needs of the subject, the adaptability of the system to the characteristics of development, level of training, interests of the individual.
- Autonomy of educational institutions, academic freedoms and rights of workers and students, public reporting and information transparency of institutions.
- Democracy in the management of education.
- Inadmissibility of elimination or restriction of competition.
- The combination of contractual and state regulation of relations.
Subjects
The legislation defines the circle of persons who are authorized to work in the field of education. The main ones are educational organizations. In cases provided for in regulatory enactments, training may be conducted by individual entrepreneurs. Organizations engaged in educational activities are created in the form provided for in the Civil Code for non-profit structures. Ecclesiastical institutions are formed according to the rules established by normative acts on freedom of religion, conscience and religious associations.
Types of institutions
Classification is carried out depending on the subject that created the institution. On this basis, organizations are divided into:
- State. These institutions are formed by the Russian Federation or region of the country.
- Municipal. They are created by MO.
- Private. Such institutions are formed by citizens or legal entities in the manner prescribed by law.
Types of educational institutions
Educational organizations are classified according to the content of plans, the implementation of which acts as their main activity. On this basis distinguish:
- DOE. They are institutions in which pre-school education is provided, care and supervision of pupils are provided.
- General educational institutions conducting training under the programs of NOU, LLC and SOO.
- Professional institutions. They provide training in secondary vocational education programs.
- Universities. Higher education programs and scientific activities are provided at these institutions.
Teaching right
It is possessed by entities with higher or secondary vocational education and meeting the requirements provided for in the qualification manuals, as well as professional standards. Normative acts provide for the nomenclature of the positions of employees and heads of educational institutions. It is approved by the Government.
Legal status of specialists
The legal status of a pedagogical worker should be understood as a complex of his labor, social guarantees, compensations, restrictions, responsibilities and duties. They are established by law. In Russia, the status of teachers is considered special in society. In accordance with this, appropriate conditions are formed for them to carry out their pedagogical activity. In Russia, specialists are provided with freedoms and rights, state guarantees, social support aimed at ensuring a high professional level of employees, increasing their importance, as well as the prestige of their work.
Legal Opportunities
Carrying out educational activities, employees of organizations enjoy the rights to:
- Freedom of teaching, expression of opinion, independence. The latter should be understood as non-interference in their work of third parties.
- Freedom of choice and application of evidence-based tools, methods and forms of education and training.
- Creative initiative, development and use of copyrighted programs and techniques within specific subjects, courses, disciplines, plans.
- The selection of textbooks and teaching aids, materials and other means in accordance with the educational program in the manner specified by law.
- Participation in the development of curricula, calendar schedules, courses, subjects, disciplines.
- Implementation of scientific, technical, research, creative, international and experimental activities, implementation and development of innovations.
- Free use of information resources, visiting libraries.
- Participation in the management of an educational institution, including as part of collegial bodies, in the manner provided for in the charter.
- Association in public trade unions in the forms and according to the rules established by law.
- Participation in the discussion of issues related to the activities of the educational institution, including through governing bodies and public associations.
- Appeal to the commission authorized to resolve disputes between the subjects of the educational process.
- Protection of dignity and honor, fair and objective trial of violations of professional ethics.
Working time
It is formed in accordance with the position of specialist. The working hours of an educational institution employee include:
- Educational pedagogical activity.
- Educational work.
- Individual interaction with students.
- Research, scientific and creative work.
- Other activities provided for in the job description or on an individual plan. For example, it includes diagnostic, methodological, preparatory work, etc.
The specific duties of the specialist are established in the employment contract and job description. The ratio of teaching and other educational activities within the framework of the working week or academic year is established by the relevant local acts of the organization. This takes into account the qualifications and specialties of the employee, as well as the number of hours according to plan.
Educational activities
It is carried out together with adults. Educational activity is, in simple words, the work of educating and raising a child. It can manifest itself in various forms: playing, research, communicative, labor, musical, artistic, etc. Educational activity is interaction with the student, aimed at mastering certain material in one or several areas.
Work with preschoolers
Educational activities in the preschool educational institution are carried out using various methods and forms of interaction. Their choice depends on:
- Solutions to specific problems in training.
- Curriculum content.
- Degrees of mastering the educational program DO.
Classification
The following types of work are distinguished depending on the content of the curriculum:
- Combined educational activity is a combination of various methods and forms or didactic tasks that do not have a logical connection. For example, after drawing a mobile game is held.
- Integrated educational activity is work involving the implementation of tasks by various means in the presence of associative relations between them . For example, after talking about fire safety rules, drawing up a thematic poster begins. In this case, one action dominates, and the next one complements it.
- Integrated educational activities. It involves combining knowledge from different disciplines on an equal basis. Moreover, the integration is not mechanical or arbitrary. The educational program in this case should be formed so that knowledge enriches and complements each other in the process of solving didactic problems.
Currently, integrated work is considered a priority. It allows you to solve several problems at the same time.
Work structure
The implementation of educational activities is conditionally divided into three parts. They are inextricably linked by a common methodology and content. These parts are: the beginning, progress and completion of the activity. The key task of the teacher is to clearly define the purpose of the process. The specialist must establish whether the educational activity will be educational or developmental. In the latter case, when interacting with an adult, the necessary experience is accumulated. With the developing nature of the activity, children themselves acquire knowledge using the acquired skills. During the lesson, the teacher attracts all children to participate, taking into account the individual characteristics of each of them. During the interaction, children develop skills and the ability to analyze and control their behavior.
The specifics of classes
The educational activities of children have a certain specificity. First of all, it manifests itself in the structure of classes. In particular, at an early age they are held in the form of games. The number of children participating in the lesson will depend not only on their specific age, but also on the content of the curriculum. The work should have a visual and effective character. In older groups, children are involved in organizing the classroom environment. This greatly enhances cognitive interest. Meanwhile, the nature of the formulation and content of the tasks will be of key importance. Over time, children become accustomed to established rules of behavior. The specialist regularly reminds them before and during the lesson. Upon completion, the teacher, together with the children, forms a general conclusion. Moreover, the specialist creates conditions under which the final conclusion would be the result of the mental work of students.
Fixed assets
Educational (pedagogical) activities are implemented using various techniques. They are usually divided into 5 categories:
- Information and material means. In the traditional sense, they include visual aids, equipment and other items with which cognitive activity is carried out.
- Language tools. This category is considered quite extensive. It includes not only spoken (native and foreign) languages, but also specialized ones. The latter, for example, include the languages of road signs, electrical circuits, drawings, art and so on.
- Logical means. Verbal-discursive thinking is considered the highest degree of manifestation of mental abilities. Logical means are formed in a person gradually through a clearly effective and figurative perception. They contribute to the formation of skills to pose and understand questions, find solutions to them, perform the necessary operations for this in the mind and draw the right conclusions.
- Mathematical tools. They are formed with the appearance in the child of ideas about numbers and counting. The development of mathematical tools continues in the process of studying the exact sciences.
It is worth saying that the improvement of the above tools is a fairly extensive and almost unstudied problem. Her research is urgently needed now. Improving funds will have an impact on the development of educational activities in general.