Historical monuments of Russia, according to 2014, are an extensive list of 1,007 units of different significance. Each object of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation has a certain degree of artistic value. Separate historical monuments of Russia are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. To date, there are 26 such objects, of which 10 belong to the cultural sphere, 6 are recognized as masterpieces of world significance, and 10 more are natural phenomena in the Russian Federation with signs of particular aesthetic appeal.
Prospect of recognition
Twenty-four Russian monuments are at the stage of entry into UNESCO registers under the 1988 Convention for the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage. Historical monuments that are under the protection of the state are, first of all, objects of special significance with immunity status.
Accounting and systematization
In order to present a cultural object, it is necessary to describe a historical monument with a chronology of events accompanying its appearance. As a rule, these are epoch-making periods of time. The role of the monument in the public life of the country is important, often it has an educational and patriotic significance. The description of the historical monument in this case becomes mandatory, it should be included in the programs of secondary and higher educational institutions.
The popularity of Russian masterpieces
There are a number of Russian textbook cultural objects that are familiar to every citizen. These are historical monuments, known not only in Russia, but also abroad. Their value is difficult to overestimate. First of all, these are historical monuments of Moscow, including the St. Basil's Cathedral, Red Square, the Kremlin, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky. All of them are concentrated in the center of the Russian capital. Other historical monuments of Moscow are located at some distance, however this does not detract from their dignity. All cultural sites are protected by the government.
World culture
Historical monuments of the world are located in different parts of the planet. These are the Eiffel Tower in Paris, the Reichstag in Berlin, the Taj Mahal in India, the pyramids of the pharaohs in Egypt and many others. Historical monuments are never destroyed, except for the barbaric terrorist acts of extreme extremists.
Civilized society respects the heritage of the past, historical monuments are protected and maintained in proper form. For this, there are various state and private funds for the preservation of cultural objects.
Exhibits in the open
Monuments of historical heritage usually span more than one hundred years. The most vulnerable part of the cultural layer is the masterpieces of architecture that suffer from adverse climatic conditions. Therefore, cultural and historical monuments of architecture have to be protected from destruction. Some of them are left to nature, such as the world famous Colosseum. This monument is recognized as a world heritage largely due to its dilapidated forms.
Architectural masterpieces
For the most part, historical cultural monuments are maintained in good condition, as they are active exhibits of the world cultural heritage exhibition. Such objects include the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow, St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Sergiev Posad Churches.
In general, all cultural and historical monuments of Russia are under state protection and under the supervision of relevant structures. Government guardianship authorities are doing everything to preserve the masterpieces that make up the country's Gold Fund.
Types of historical monuments
Cultural values are divided into categories, including rarities and masterpieces of different eras. Monuments that have historical significance make up a separate group, although they are located in different places. They can be divided into the following categories:
- Monuments (for example, Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg).
- Monuments of Glory (Motherland in Volgograd).
- Monuments to historical characters (The Bronze Horseman - equestrian statue of Peter I in St. Petersburg).
- Statues as images of individuals who have left their mark on history (Alexander I, St. Isaac's Square in St. Petersburg).
- Thematic monuments (Sevastopol Bay, memorial to the dead ships).
- Natural monumental formations (Krasnoyarsk pillars).
Historic Monument Cities
On the territory of Russia there are special cultural entities of ethnographic value. These are cities with an unusual historical past. An example is the city-monument Yeniseisk, which in its development has gone through several eras. From the thirteenth century it was divided and united, it became the center of the fur trade, then it was shaken by the gold rush.
The places of heroic battles are also considered historical monumental cities: Kursk, Sevastopol, Volgograd and others. "Nobody is forgotten, nothing is forgotten," is their motto, which has passed through decades.
Famous Russian monuments
- The historical center of St. Petersburg with several cultural monuments: the Winter Palace (Hermitage), Palace Square, Alexander Column.
- Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg architect A.N. Voronikhina (years of construction - 1801 - 1811). It was erected to store the icon of the Mother of God of Kazan. In 1812, the Russian army went from the cathedral to the war with Napoleon. Emperor Paul I was married in the church. Kazan Cathedral, among other things, serves as the tomb of Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.
- Moscow Kremlin with museum complexes and churches.
- Red Square, Pokrovsky Cathedral, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky, GUM, Mausoleum, History Museum.
- The cultural complex "Solovetsky Islands" in the White Sea, which was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1992.
- The architectural ensemble of Kizhi Pogost: the Transfiguration Church with twenty-three chapters, a masterpiece of Russian church wooden architecture of the early 18th century. Pokrovskaya church with a unique collection of icons and a bell tower of a later construction.
- The ancient city of Novgorod and its environs, which include four monasteries: Yuryev, Zverin, Antoniev and Znamensky. Christmas Church on the Red Field.
- The Astrakhan Kremlin is a fortress built on the orders of Ivan the Terrible in 1558. On its territory are located: the Assumption Cathedral (five-domed, with an arched gallery), the Cyril Chapel, the Prechistensky Gate with a bell tower, the bishop's house church, the consistory, the Holy Trinity Cathedral, the architectural complex "Trinity-Sergius Lavra" in Sergiev Posad.
- The historical center of Yaroslavl has a thousand years. The main buildings were erected during the urban development reform of Catherine II in 1763. In 2005, the city was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
- The oldest city of Pskov. Since 1348, it was considered the capital of the independent republic of Pskov. In 1510 he was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It is currently a tourist pilgrimage center. Among the attractions that stand out are the following: Kremlin, Pogankinsky Chambers, Pskov Fortress, Holy Trinity Cathedral, Mirozhsky Monastery.
- Izmailovo - an architectural monument, a former royal estate. In 1812, the main building was damaged during the invasion of Napoleon. Thirty-eight years later, a military almshouse was opened in Izmailovo, which was housed in new buildings specially built for this purpose.
- Vladimir-Suzdal Historical and Artistic Reserve, part of the Golden Ring of Russia. It contains unique architectural monuments of the 12–13 centuries, white stone masterpieces, the value of which can hardly be overestimated.
- Tanais is a museum-reserve of archeology. Located at the mouth of the Don. The reserve's territory is about three thousand hectares; it contains historical and cultural monuments of antiquity, dating back to the Paleolithic era. Museum expositions, among other things, reflect the heyday of ancient Greek civilization.
Famous Natural Monuments
- Lake Baikal - a nature reserve of world significance - the deepest on the planet. It has a unique ability to cleanse itself.
- Volcanoes of Kamchatka, of which 29 are active. Some erupted for the last time four thousand years ago, but they cannot be called extinct, since there is boiling lava in the bowels. Steam and gases periodically erupt from the vent of such a volcano, which means that it is at the stage of fumarole activity.
- Golden Altai Mountains - a unique landscape formation, consisting of rocky elevations of indescribable beauty, spread over an area of sixteen thousand square kilometers. The natural monument was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1998.
- The Curonian Spit is a narrow sandy strip 98 kilometers long, connecting Lithuanian Klaipeda with the Kaliningrad Region and separating the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea.
- Putorana Plateau is a unique landscape reserve, occupying about two million square kilometers on the territory of the Central Siberian Plateau. It is distinguished by a rare combination of climatic ecosystems, the forest-tundra there is adjacent to the Arctic desert. The region has many pristine lakes, rivers, taiga thickets. Tens of thousands of wild deer migrate in the tundra.
- Lena Pillars - a natural park on the banks of the Lena. A series of vertical rocks, stretching for several kilometers, arose as a result of tectonic shocks about 400 thousand years ago. Lena pillars were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2012.