Owners often stretch the wiring in private homes with their own hands. In principle, the procedure is not particularly difficult in the presence of certain experience. However, when electrifying a suburban residential building, of course, certain technologies and safety rules must be observed. Otherwise, the network in the house will subsequently begin to overload, overheat, which can lead to sparking, short circuits and, as a result, to a fire or electric shock.
Requirements
The wiring diagram in a private house should be developed, thus, as carefully as possible. The network installed in a private house should ultimately be:
- Designed for long trouble-free operation;
- provided with all necessary protection devices against electric shock living in the building, short circuit, power surges;
- provided with devices that increase the comfort of living in the house;
Also, the electrical network in the house, of course, should be designed to connect all the necessary appliances to the residents.
How to make a project
Of course, before proceeding with the wiring in a private house, as well as installing various kinds of regulatory and control equipment, you need to develop a network diagram and make all the necessary calculations. When designing an electrification of a private house, usually:
- defined with the type of network (single-phase / two-phase);
- distribute devices along lines and calculate network parameters;
- determined with the location of the shields, sockets, switches, basic household appliances.
At the final stage, they draw the actual wiring diagram in a private house and draw up a work plan.
The main types of systems
According to Russian law, it is allowed to lay both single-phase and three-phase networks in private houses. At the same time, in buildings up to 100 m 2 in the event that they do not use electric heating equipment, experts recommend equipping the first type of system.
Three-phase electrical wiring in a private house is usually mounted if its area exceeds 100 m 2 . Also, this scheme is also suitable for buildings furnished with a large number of various kinds of powerful household appliances. Usually, such systems are installed even if the owner of the house plans to use some energy-intensive equipment directly on the site. For example, machines and sawmills in the garage.
How to distribute devices into groups
This procedure when developing a wiring diagram in a private house should be performed. In each group, when designing the project, the result should be devices that subsequently will be connected in parallel to the same wire coming from the shield.
With this powerful distribution, individual individual lines are usually allocated to powerful household equipment. Thus, in private homes, for example, modern washing machines, dishwashers, electric stoves, etc. are connected.
For less powerful devices, groups can be formed according to the following criteria:
- the location in the house, for example, for each room, you can select a separate line;
- by types of consumers - sockets, lighting, plates, etc.
Each line in the house, both individual and group, is subsequently equipped with a separate RCD and a circuit breaker.
Wiring example in a private house
In modern private homes in most cases, the following distribution scheme of devices in groups is used:
- sockets for living rooms;
- points for powerful kitchen equipment;
- sockets for heating equipment;
- lighting (often done in parts by several lines);
- connection of especially dangerous devices (usually in damp rooms);
- outlets for utility rooms (garage, basement).
Approximately such a wiring of electrical wiring in a private house in the photo below is presented to the attention of the reader (shield with lines).
Calculation of power and current
To determine the required network power of a private house, you need to know the characteristics of all those devices that will be used in it later. Calculate this indicator for the electrical system in several stages:
- make a list of appliances and electrical equipment used in the house;
- opposite each device indicate its power in accordance with the data obtained from the data sheet.
Then calculate the total power of the lighting devices. To perform this procedure, a very simple technique is used. The power of all the bulbs and fixtures used in the house is simply multiplied by their number. The result is rounded up.
At the next stage, the power of all the other devices in the house is added up. The previously found value for lighting is added to the result. Then again round the result up, and also increase it by 10-20%. The figure obtained after performing all these calculations is taken as the necessary indicator of the power of the home electrical network.
Demand factor
The wiring diagrams in private houses of a small area are usually used the simplest. In the manner described above, the calculation of the required network power is allowed only for such buildings. For a cottage of a large area, more accurate calculations are usually performed. In this case, take into account, among other things, the demand coefficient.
Total power of devices | Up to 14 | 20 | thirty | 40 | fifty | 60 | 70 and above |
Demand factor | 0.8 | 0.65 | 0.6 | 0.55 | 0.5 | 0.48 | 0.45 |
For an accurate calculation, the approximate result obtained is simply multiplied by the coefficient found in the table.
Load current
When developing a wiring diagram in a private house with your own hands, you should decide on this indicator in advance. For private residential buildings, the load current, as well as the power of the network, is calculated quite easily. To determine this parameter in a single-phase 220 V system, the formula is used:
I = 4.5 * Pt,
where Pt is the maximum network power in kilowatts.
For example, at Pt = 5 kW, the load current will be 4.5 x 5 = 22.5 A. It is this current that will continue to flow through the phase wire in a 220 V home network.
In 380 V networks, the formula is usually used to determine this indicator:
I = P / (1.73 * U * cos Ο),
where P is the power, U is the voltage, cos Ο is the power factor according to the ratio of reactive and active components of the load resistance. For home three-phase systems, cos Ο in most cases is equal to 0.95.
Instrument layout
At the next stage, when drawing up the project, they draw a detailed plan of the house with furniture. In this diagram, the location is then noted:
- outlets;
- circuit breakers;
- shield.
The correct wiring of electrical wiring in a private house can be considered only if the residents after its implementation will be able to use all electrical appliances with maximum comfort. Outlets in modern private homes are usually located at a distance of 30 cm from the floor in blocks. At the same time, they are mounted, of course, closer to the electrical appliances themselves - a TV, a computer.
In the kitchen, a block of outlets is most often mounted above a countertop. The exception in this case are the slots for the refrigerator or electric stove. Such outlets are usually located behind these devices 30 cm from the floor. Switches in private homes are usually mounted next to the interior doors at the level of their handle. In any case, according to the rules, at least one outlet should be provided in modern private houses on 6 m2 of floor space.
After the locations of the connection sockets are selected, on the plan they draw the actual wiring diagram in a private house, highlighting a separate line for each group of devices, according to the project. Each such branch in the drawing is marked with a pencil of a certain color.
What cables to buy
Having drawn up a wiring diagram of a private house with your own hands, you can begin to install, in fact, the network itself. For the power supply system of a country building, of course, among other things, you will need to choose the most suitable equipment, as well as cables. This will guarantee a long uninterrupted operation of the network, as well as its security for the residents of the house.
First of all, the owner of a suburban building will need to decide on the cables. Until recently, in private houses, only aluminum cheap wiring was mainly installed. However, today, in most cases, more reliable and durable copper cables are chosen for laying electrical networks in residential suburban buildings. In this case, owners of private houses usually get three-wire wires of this type.
Cable Tips
Experienced electricians in our time advise owners of country houses to purchase domestic reliable wires with VVG-fr insulation or imported NYM fire-resistant for indoor installation. To connect powerful equipment, it is recommended that you buy cables of this type with the marking 3 x 4.
The diameter of the cable cores for individual powerful electrical appliances and group lines can be selected using a special table.
Outlet selection
The wiring rules in a private house must be followed exactly. Different kinds of standards imply, of course, some requirements for the jacks for connecting electrical appliances. For powerful equipment, sockets are supposed to be selected according to the maximum starting current. This indicator can be found in the data sheet of specific household appliances.
Modern industry produces two main types of sockets:
- external - for such devices, the body sticks out of the wall;
- internal - mounted in the wall.
In most cases, private outlets are currently installed in private homes. Such connection sockets in modern interiors look more harmonious.
Wire connections
It is recommended to do the electrical wiring in a private house, of course, before finishing the finish. This will make it easy to lay wires properly with a minimum of connections. However, connecting the cables during the installation of the mains, of course, still have to in any case. When performing this procedure, experts, among other things, advise you to follow these recommendations:
- only homogeneous metals (copper / copper, aluminum / aluminum) are allowed to be twisted;
- in twisting it is supposed to leave bare ends at least 40 mm long;
- connect two wires together as tight as possible;
- turns should be stacked one next to the other;
- packaging the connection on top is best with a shrink tube.
In order for the twisted contact to be 100 percent, experienced electricians recommend also soldering the wires additionally.
Properly performed twists will guarantee the security of your home network. However, it is recommended that wire connections be made through special terminal boxes with clamps today. Such devices are particularly suitable for a large cottage with a significant number of powerful electrical appliances.
Rules for wiring
In concrete and brick private houses, electrical wiring, including with their own hands, is usually done, after cutting through the walls of the grinder with a grinder. In frame suburban buildings, cables are pulled behind the casing. In this case, in both cases, the wires are preliminarily passed in special fireproof flexible tubes.
In wooden private houses, an outdoor wiring diagram is often used. In this case, the cables are pulled in decorative fireproof boxes fixed directly to the wall surface.
Installation of a guard
This element of the home electrical network is usually installed in some of the rooms in a niche made in the wall. An RCD is placed inside the installed shield. According to the rules, zero automatons in the shield are supposed to be mounted in the upper part, and grounding machines in the lower part. Between these elements in the middle they usually put line circuit breakers.
In small houses, cables from the shield extend directly to the groups of appliances. In cottages of significant area, junction boxes are additionally used.
Two automatic machines are usually included in the wiring diagram in a private house for 3 phases. In this case, one of them is installed on the street, and the second - in the house. This is the owners of a private residential building of a large area worth keeping in mind.
The final stage
Photos and wiring diagrams of private houses, presented to the reader in this article, may help owners of suburban real estate to decide on how to lay cables in their home. In principle, to make electrification of the house with your own hands in the presence of a certain experience and knowledge will not be difficult.
However, after self-assembly of the network, the owner of a private house will still have to call specialists from the electric laboratory to test its functionality and safety. Without the conclusion of the engineers, it will simply be impossible to subsequently connect the house wiring to the power lines of the settlement in the future.