Preliminary work before the construction of the house includes several stages: the preparatory period, the preparation of sketches, the creation of working drawings and communication schemes. How to design a house yourself? Consider all the steps in detail.
Preparation period
Before construction, a site diagram is drawn up in the form of a configuration, with a topography, a mark of trees and other elements. Schemes of the communications passing through the plot are applied (water supply, cable, gas pipeline).
General layout of rooms
Projects of houses and cottages are carried out with numerous premises for various purposes. First of all, we need a detailed study of the layout of the rooms. The following factors should be considered:
the number of residents and the presence of individual families (adult children, parents);
the presence of small children;
the estimated number of guests and the possibility of their comfortable stay in the house and on the site.
The layout of the entrance hall, living room, study, bedrooms, the presence of separate entrances, bathrooms, bathrooms, kitchens, a boiler room and a workshop, parking for cars and garage rooms, stairs to the upper floors depends on these factors. It is necessary to decide where the sauna will be: in a separate building or in the basement. If the family loves plants, then you can place in the house or attach a small greenhouse to it. Perhaps the attic will be built without heating and is designed only for the summer period. All premises should be placed optimally and at minimal cost.
House facade sketch
Many house designs are created with a beautiful appearance of the facade. It should be drawn on each side, then combined and linked to the internal layout and placement of windows. The type of foundation depends on the material of the walls. It should also be decided whether basements and a cellar are needed. To do this, you need to know how close the groundwater is. Immediately you need to choose the shape of the roof so that the house looks beautiful. Too complex shape can lead to leaks from precipitation. The windows should be large in order to give the house lightness and make it brighter inside. At the same time, you should not be afraid of the cold, as you can install modern energy-efficient double-glazed windows. They can be ordered in any shape and decorated with carved shutters or wrought iron flower grates.
An important place is the main entrance. It is necessary to determine how the porch will look and whether it will be convenient to climb it. Where will the front door and visor be above it? What will be the entrances to the garage, the type and location of the gates for entering cars? How to enter the courtyard and from which rooms? How to protect the front door from rain? The house should be harmoniously combined with the landscape of the site.
Detailed study of the layout of rooms
How to design a house with the rational use of premises? Let's consider each of them separately.
Hallway
The entrance hall is usually shared by all. If there will be several families in the house, you need to think about how to enter it so as not to interfere with each other. From the entrance hall it is convenient to make exits to the living room and to the garage. It is necessary to determine the location and design of the stairs to the second floor. It should be inside the house so that in winter you do not have to clean it from snow.
Living room
First of all, you need to make the living room the most functional. For this, it should be a place for receiving guests, joint leisure activities, a dining room. In it you can place a fireplace, under which you need a separate foundation. The drawing room should be correctly divided into functional zones. Often they have a staircase leading upstairs.
Kitchen
The kitchen is planned in such a way that it is spacious enough and convenient for cooking and eating. It is divided into zones of cooking, hot processing and eating, as well as washing dishes. It is possible that a large family will need two kitchens. The room should easily fit appliances: stove, microwave, dishwasher, sink, refrigerator, freezer and various electrical appliances: meat grinder, juicer, mixer, coffee grinder. Everything should be located freely and compactly so that the hostess could reach out with her hand.
Bathroom
In your own home, the bathroom should be spacious and comfortable to place everything you need in it. To do this, you need an area of at least 5 m 2 . The bathroom can be located in a separate room.
Bedroom
The bedroom should freely accommodate a bed, dressing table, chest of drawers and bedside tables. It may also include a work desk, a TV, armchairs and a wardrobe. There may be several bedrooms.
Children's room
In the children's room you need to provide maximum functionality. It should be spacious, comfortable for sleeping, relaxing, games and a sports corner. Toys and clothes need to be cleaned in cabinets.
Cabinet
The office houses a desktop, an armchair, shelves for books and office equipment. It is advisable to provide a place for a small sofa for relaxation. Spacious office is convenient for business meetings.
The general view of the house should be connected several times with the layout of the rooms. Sketches of facades and placement of rooms can be done in different ways, and then choose the best.
The main parameters of the house are summarized in one table, which indicates the overall dimensions of the house, the number of rooms, their area, ceiling height, the number and size of doors and windows.
Working draft
There are special computer programs on how to design a house yourself. It is not necessary to be able to draw. All this is done by the program. With its help, you can present in any three-dimensional image any projects of houses. A photo of one of them is shown below.
Drawings are made according to sketches, and then builders will build a house on them.
On the general plan of the site is a house and other facilities under construction, as well as walkways, gates, a cesspool, gates, arbors, a greenhouse, and places for plants. The plan is oriented in parts of the world. The dimensions of each element are set exactly to scale. According to the plan, the places for supplying communications and the location of the drainage system are better determined.
Foundation design
To determine the type of foundation should have geological data on the composition and properties of the soil. The load on the foundation is calculated based on the data of the preliminary design: the mass of walls, ceilings, roofs, foundations, snow and temporary loads. Temporary and snow load are considered according to an average indicator - 100 kg / m 2 . Based on these data, the type of foundation is selected. Usually choose a tape or pile-tape reinforced concrete foundation. It should have holes for entering communications. You can find many options for how to design a house yourself with such foundations.
Wall and floor materials
The advantages and disadvantages of materials for the construction of walls is a separate issue. For building a house for a long period, a brick is best suited. Recently, foam concrete, aerated concrete, slag concrete and other similar materials having sufficient strength and durability have become a popular material in low-rise construction .
Their undoubted advantage is low thermal conductivity, which makes it possible to build inexpensive and warm houses. Numerous projects of houses made of foam concrete blocks show that they are cheaper and lighter than from monolithic concrete, and have less, but sufficient bearing capacity. Overlapping walls of porous concrete is best done with a wooden beam, the loads from which they easily withstand.
Roof design
House designs for the most part include the construction of gable roofs, and for small houses - gable roofs. A beam is used for the rafters, and a board is used as a lathing.
Roofing is performed with the possibility of vapor barrier and ventilation to ensure its protection against moisture. Its material may be a metal profile, a popular variety of which is a metal tile. Soft roofs and euro slate are also used. The metal profile is protected by a zinc coating, as well as a layer of polymer that looks beautiful and does not collapse under the influence of the atmosphere.
Electrical wiring
When performing an electrical project, the total power of consumers is determined. It is performed by licensed enterprises. As a technical task for the project are architectural plans for the layout of lighting and electricians.
Water supply and sewerage
Before you design a house yourself, you need to find out what resources are nearby. If the central water supply runs close, you can connect to it. At the same time, a counter is installed at the main entrance. Water supply and sewage systems are designed depending on the maximum number of residents in the house, the number of floors and the area of the house. Sewer pipes are discharged into the central drainage system. If it is not, drainage is carried out in the drainage pit.
In the absence of a centralized water supply system, a well should be drilled or a well constructed. The source is contributed to the project along with an autonomous supply scheme.
Heating system
Projects of houses and cottages are created under autonomous heating systems. The boiler for the house is installed in a separate room. Its power is selected depending on the total volume of heated rooms. The type of boiler depends on the fuel used: gas, electricity or coal. For each heated room, radiators with an estimated number of sections are selected and a water supply pipe wiring diagram is drawn up. It indicates all the necessary equipment and its characteristics: boiler, pressure tank, pump, filters, fittings.
Ventilation system
The ventilation of the house is ensured by the natural and forced outflow of air from the premises. For this, a system plan is drawn up, where the wiring of the pipes, their diameters, the installation locations of the grilles and hatches for maintenance are indicated.
Architectural supervision of construction
After the creation of the project, it is necessary to monitor how the technology of building a house and laying communications is respected. An agreement is drawn up with the builders with reference to the project. This document controls the correctness of the work.
Conclusion
How to design a house yourself? For this, it is necessary to gradually carry out work on the creation of working drawings necessary for construction, and then control the quality of work on them.