A fireplace is one of the ancient structures of man, but to this day this heater remains popular. It has not only a functional purpose, but also becomes an aesthetic addition to any home.
If you want to supplement the home with such a device, you should familiarize yourself with the technology of the work. The unit should warm the room well, not contribute to smoke and should blend well with the interior.
Design features
Before you begin laying, you should determine the area and volume of the room where you plan to carry out the construction. As an example, we can take the area of 10, 15 and 20 m 2 . At the same time, the ceilings will have a height within 3.5 m. The volume of the premises should be 35, 50 and 70 m 3, respectively. The ratio of the furnace area to the volumes mentioned is as follows: 1 to 50 to 1 to 70. The final value is 2 thousand .; 3 thousand and 4 thousand cm 2 .
Before proceeding with the laying of a fireplace or stove, you should also consider the dimensions of the firebox portal. For the first value, they are 36 x 45 cm, for the second - 44 x 67 cm and for the third - 52 x 77 cm. If the firebox has an impressive depth, this will lead to a reduction in heat transfer, and for heating the room more fuel is required.
Features of the chimney
When drawing up a chimney scheme, it should be taken into account that the dimensions of the brick pipe are 14 x 14 cm and 14 x 27 cm. But if the scheme provides for a round chimney, the chimney should have a diameter of 8 to 14 cm. In the next step, you will have to determine the final length of the chimney, but in this example it will be a limit of 4 to 5 m.
Firebox design
When laying fireplaces and stoves, craftsmen take into account what design the firebox will have. In order for the fireplace to have the best ability to reflect heat, its internal walls should be made at an angle. Two side walls should be turned outward, and the back wall should be tilted forward a little. The slope should start at a third of the height. There should be a smoke compartment above the firebox. Between him and the firebox should be placed cornice. This element is necessary to prevent soot and sparks from flying into the room. At the same time, the house is protected from smoke.
In order to understand what size a fireplace should have, its location in terms of space should be indicated. The best place for laying a fireplace is the end walls or internal walls at the corners of the building. Construction should not be planned against a wall opposite the one with windows. This is due to the fact that with insufficient compaction there is a risk of creating drafts.
What is important to pay attention to
If the fireplace is heated for a long time, then the rear walls of the pipe can become very hot, which can lead to a fire if the house is made of wood. If you nevertheless chose this option, then fire precautions should be considered. The back wall is laid out in a half brick, its thickness will be 12 cm. The side walls are mounted in one brick, this value is 25 cm.
Specialist advice
When laying fireplaces and stoves, you must use the order. In order to depict it, you should apply paper in a box. The base is built by laying the brick on the edge, but you can mount it flat. In the second row of the product lie flat. The lower part of the furnace should be removed from the floor by 2-3 brick rows, which is approximately 30 cm.
Preparation of materials
The laying of fireplaces and stoves necessarily requires the following materials:
- brick;
- sand;
- blue clay;
- cement;
- smoke damper;
- rods made of reinforcement.
Sand must be freed from dust and debris, and its grain size should be equal to the limit of 0.2 to 1.5 mm. In order to achieve cleanliness, sand is placed in water and infused for a long time. Water will need to be changed in several approaches, until it becomes completely light.
For masonry fireplace is better to use Cambrian blue clay. But if this was not at hand, you can apply stove clay. For mortar, cement of the M-300 or M-400 brand should be purchased. Concrete and gravel are used to fill the foundation, the size of the elements of the latter can be equal to the limit of 2 to 6 cm. As for the reinforcing bars, they will need about 20 pieces with a length of 700 mm. The diameter can vary from 8 to 10 mm.
Methodology
The laying of stoves and fireplaces begins with the arrangement of the foundation. You must determine its size. It is necessary to arrange the base in a distance from the foundation of the house, without linking these two elements. Once you have determined the dimensions, you can draw up a plan at the basement level. The width of the foundation should be the same as the width of the base of the front row, but about 5 cm should be added to this value.
Foundation work
At the first stage, you need to prepare a pit, the size of which will be 10 cm larger than the foundation itself. The depth of the pit will be approximately 60 cm. The foundation can be brick or concrete. In order to determine the material, one can proceed from prices and personal preferences.
10 cm of crushed stone is poured into the bottom, which is compacted. The base should be horizontal. Next, you can begin to fill. Pre-installed formwork of the desired height from wooden boards. The walls of the box inside are treated with resin and upholstered with roofing material for waterproofing. To prepare the solution, one part of cement and three parts of sand should be used.
The ingredients are mixed dry, after which water is added to them. The mixture is mixed until it reaches a homogeneous consistency, similar to thick sour cream. Then the filling is carried out, and after that the foundation is left until ready. Its top must be ironed out by checking the level. Concrete is covered with polyethylene and left for 7 days. Only then can the masonry begin. The foundation should be 6 cm below the level.
Masonry fireplace
The laying of stoves and fireplaces is carried out practically according to the same scheme. At the next stage, it is necessary to lay 2 layers of waterproofing on the foundation, for example, roofing material. Then the bricks are calibrated. You need to choose those that are needed. Clay is soaked in 2-3 days. Water is added to it and kneads as the solution thickens. The first row is laid out rib. It is better to use a solution with the addition of cement.
It is important to constantly check the geometry of the rows. To do this, twine and a square are used. Angles must be strictly vertical. It is necessary to monitor the horizontalness of the rows using the level.
The brick is soaked in water for 2-3 minutes before laying. If you neglect this manipulation, the material will absorb moisture from the solution, which will reduce the strength of the masonry. The laying and installation of stoves and fireplaces is carried out using a trowel or trowel, when it is necessary to form a continuous surface.
Portal openings should be blocked by jumpers, which are:
Jumpers must be mounted using a formwork-circle. First, heels are laid, the configuration of which will be determined by the finished circle. When laying a chimney on the roof, sand-cement mortar should be used. In the place where the chimney will exit onto the roof, care should be taken to install an otter, which is also called an otter. It provides fire protection.
Step-by-step instructions for laying the furnace
At the first stage of the brick, it is necessary to lay out the ash pan and the lower part of the first hood. In this case, a sand-clay mortar is used. At the second stage, the ash pan door is installed. For fastening, galvanized wire should be used. At the third stage, a grate is installed above the ash pan chamber.
Next, you can do the installation of the furnace. The inside of this compartment is laid out with refractory bricks. Products should be placed on the edge. At this stage, you should use a masonry mortar. It is prepared in the same way as the standard one, but instead of simple clay, refractory, which is also called chamotte, is used.
The combustion chamber door is fixed with steel plates. When laying the stove or fireplace with your own hands, you can carry out work according to standard technology until you reach the 19th row. At this stage, the furnace chamber is closed, and then for the stove you can lay the stove with hobs. This plate is usually made of cast iron.
The evenness of the masonry is controlled by the building level. Next, the first cap is laid out, which will be located on the left edge of the structure. At this stage, a channel for the summer move is arranged. The stove is installed, and then you can masonry the walls of the cooking compartment. Now you can install the valve for the summer running channel. The valve is located in the inner corner.
Laying should be carried out until the 20th row, and after that the cooking compartment and the first hood should be closed. A hole for summer running is left in the solid masonry. The cooking compartment portal is closed by swing doors. Doors must have heat resistant glass inserts. This will allow you to monitor the process of burning fuel. Now you can install the cleaning doors, lay out the hood walls and lay the decorative belt along the upper perimeter of the furnace.
Now you should proceed to the device of the pipe. It is better if the chimney is made of brick. This design will last longer compared with asbestos and metal pipes. When laying stoves and fireplaces made of bricks, the external decoration of appliances is also performed. The easiest option is plastering. Otherwise, you can focus on your own preferences and budget.
Mixtures for masonry
To prepare the clay mixture, you need to take the same ingredient, which can be white or red. It is combined with sand, and then water is added to the components. Sand must be calibrated. In order to clean it from fine gravel and plant impurities, a sieve should be used. The same should be done with clay, trying to achieve its homogeneity.
One part of sand should be added one part of clay. The water in the solution should be a quarter of the amount of clay. When preparing the mixture for the laying of stoves and fireplaces from clay, you should pay attention to the level of fat content of the solution, on which the elasticity and astringent properties of the mixture depend. This also indicates the reliability of the design. Particular attention must be paid to the purity of the water.
The solution for the oven should be moderately oily. If it is excessively soft, this will lead to the fact that the finished masonry may crack, but a lean solution will not provide the construction with sufficient reliability. A solution with sufficient elasticity will be ideal, which will guarantee the stability of the structure after drying.
Mortar
Clay solution for the chimney is better not to use, as this can cause cracking. At this stage, it is better to prepare a lime mixture. In order to shut it, you should use three parts of sand and one part of lime dough. To obtain the latter, three parts of water and one part of quicklime should be used. If the lime dough is prepared correctly, its density should be 1,400 kg / m 3 . For the construction of stove chimneys and foundations, the solution can be purchased ready-made.
Characteristics of adhesive for masonry "Hercules GM-215"
For laying stoves and fireplaces, glue is also well suited. An excellent example is the Hercules heat-resistant compound. With it, you can perform the entire cycle of work - from masonry to grouting. The joint thickness should be 7 mm or less.
The main purpose of the mixture is the facing of fireplaces and stoves, which are subjected to dynamic and temperature effects. The mixture withstands high temperatures up to 1,200 ° C, it is plastic and can be used indoors with high and normal humidity.
Such a dry mixture for laying stoves and fireplaces withstands dynamic loads of -50 ° C. Among the main characteristics should be highlighted:
- heat resistance;
- frost resistance;
- fire resistance;
- heat resistance.
This composition is polymer and is based on cement. Among the bases suitable for applying glue, we can distinguish clinker bricks and products from:
The refractory mixture for laying stoves and fireplaces is suitable for cladding low-porous ceramic tiles, clinker tiles, terracotta tiles, as well as ceramic granite for the stove.
Finally
After laying the stove or fireplace, repair of one of these devices may be required. This happens for several reasons. The first of them is negative conditions, the second is masonry errors. A third reason may be improper operation.
In order for the device not to be reconstructed, all the technology rules that were described above should be observed. For example, you should choose the right clay for masonry stoves and fireplaces, which should not have any impurities.