The organization of the lighting system provides for the implementation of a wide range of technical operations. The scale of such events depends on the nature of the project task - in particular, on the site of light coverage, on the number of lighting devices, their power, control method, etc. Since any lighting group in one form or another involves pairing with an electrical wiring line, to perform such tasks are provided for special standards. And the installation of lighting in a private house, and the installation of street lighting is performed according to certain instructions.
General rules for installation work
The installation of components of electrified lighting systems allowed gas discharge lamps, traditional incandescent lamps, fluorescent and LED devices. In systems that are based on gas-discharge elements of radiation, it is necessary to provide protective equipment - as a rule, this requirement applies to objects where the influence of radio interference is assumed. Sometimes combined lighting is also allowed - that is, several groups of devices of different types are introduced into the lighting infrastructure.
The main power line in relation to the installation of general-purpose fixtures should have a voltage of not more than 380V. The limit value refers to industrial use when installing electrical lighting in three-phase networks. For home and street lighting are often used elements powered by 220V. Point models of lighting devices and backlight elements can have power supply with voltage characteristics of 127V and below. At the same time, luminescent devices with a voltage in the spectrum of 127-220V are mounted at a level of no more than 2.5 m.
Installation Instructions for Emergency Power Supplies
Emergency power supply is mandatory for industrial lighting and for devices that are planned to operate in an open area. The rules require that such luminaires be provided with energy from separate independent sources. For example, leased lines can be connected to different transformers, while several converting stations can be connected to one distribution source.
It should also be noted the need to separate work lighting and evacuation. Under the working light is understood not only a set of devices at the factory, but also the communal infrastructure in ordinary residential buildings. Evacuation routes must have a separate supply line from the entry point, which is independent of the operating shield. In critical areas, the installation of lighting is carried out together with the installation of protective frames that insure against accidental damage. This applies to industrial premises and external lighting systems. If there are difficulties with the organization of separate power supply lines, then you can use autonomous power sources in the form of internal or external batteries, as well as generator sets (on gasoline or diesel).
Installation and protection of the lighting group
When drawing up a scheme for organizing a lighting network, it is necessary to adhere to the main rule, which excludes the possibility of contact of power wires with elements of the main lighting and lines providing the supply of other equipment. All wiring must be insulated - both outside the box and inside the lamp.
If the installation of external lighting is carried out, then additionally, insulation, moisture and wind protection are introduced into the supporting structure. The cable is fixed to the trunk line in compliance with the distance from other connection points and the passage of cable routes of at least 2 cm. With regard to the installation of technical wiring for evacuation and working lighting, it is possible to use several phases. For this, a busbar trunking must be introduced into the infrastructure.
Installation of lighting systems is also possible without electrical protection, the choice of which will be determined by the characteristics of inrush currents, lamp capacities, etc. Protective equipment is installed in groups in places that provide access for maintenance. If the lighting system is supplied from distribution lines, then you can use distributed installation schemes. In terms of restrictions on this part, it can be noted that the rules prohibit the use of circuit breakers and circuit breakers, as well as fuses in the neutral wire.
Network ground
High-quality grounding is carried out using the appropriate wire, subject to the rules of the technical organization of this protection. In particular, the rules require first to ensure a reliable electrical connection in the design of the lamp itself - for example, the gap from the lamp housing to the fixing bracket must be neutralized by the protective conductor. The gasket of the circuit along which the grounding will pass can touch not only the housing of the lighting device. Grounding wiring is often connected to the supporting structure on which the device is mounted. For example, if the installation of lighting was based on metal poles or other structures, then they should be connected to the housing with the same protective wires. If portable lamps with a low voltage are used, then grounding is organized using a flexible wire core.
Rules for installing indoor lighting
Single luminaires do not need to be provided with circuit breakers and fuses. If the matter concerns group circuits supplying devices with a current strength of up to 25 A, then the introduction of such equipment is mandatory. In addition, group lines with gas-discharge lamps and incandescent lamps with a power from 42 to 125 V should be provided with trip units for circuit breakers or fuse protection fuses. If in such networks it is planned to form branches no longer than 3 m in steel pipes, then the installation of additional protective equipment is not required.
At home, the installation of lighting can be carried out based on the fact that one phase will have no more than 20 lamps. At the same time, consumers should also consider sockets. An increase in the number of lamps is possible provided that low-power luminaires are used - for illumination or spot lighting.
Rules for installing external lighting
One of the main parameters that lighting technicians are guided by when organizing street light is the height. So, cable lights should be installed at least 6.5 m above the ground. Standard illumination of boulevards or pedestrian areas is carried out at a height of 3 m or more. If lawn appliances are used, the height value does not matter. Group installation of street lighting also involves the possibility of installing a large number of devices in one phase. In this case, the value exceeds 20 units, but only on condition that the branch circuits will have their own circuit breakers or fuses.
Features of the installation of supporting structures
Usually, for the technical organization of street lighting, supports are used. At the intersection of lines with roads and streets between the supports, intervals of about 40 m are maintained. Anchor elements and double cable fasteners are used as mounting fittings. The wiring process and the installation of lighting poles are carried out as part of a single event. After the installation of the structure, a cable line is introduced, and the pole is enclosed by a base. Basement elements must be sized to allow the placement of wire cuts, fuses and a protection unit with access to maintenance.
Rules for installing advertising lighting
Features of the installation of advertising lighting are determined by the type of devices used. The most popular means of such illumination is a gas tube. Due to the high cost, LED multimedia panels are less common, but their efficiency is much higher. Since the installation of such devices is carried out on the street, the rules require the use of transformers in metal insulated enclosures, which also have a secondary voltage of up to 13 kV. When installing lighting poles for the same advertising multimedia panels or tubular lighting structures, it should be borne in mind that current-carrying open elements should be removed from combustible materials to a distance of more than 5 cm. Transformer units for gas-light pipes should be installed close to serviced devices, if possible, but so that third parties do not have access to them.
Instructions for working with light fixtures
Auxiliary elements included in the infrastructure of the lighting system must, according to their characteristics, correspond to both the loads in the electric circuit and the external operating conditions. For example, if we are talking about places subject to vibrations, then the fixing fittings are selected with a design in mind that will not allow the luminaire components or working equipment to fall out or self-unscrew on the line. Without fail, the installation of LED lighting involves the execution of work with live cartridges of cartridges - usually screw. On lines with grounded neutrals, the cartridges are connected not with a phase conductor, but with a neutral conductor. However, this requirement does not apply to portable luminaires that do not require grounding and grounding.
Installation Instructions
Installation accessories include switches, connectors, shields, adapters and switches. This equipment is also selected based on the characteristics of the current and external operating conditions. There are special models for areas of high humidity, devices designed for use in hazardous areas, etc. The basic operation for installing this equipment will be the installation of lighting panels, which involves attaching a protected cabinet and introducing electrical devices into it. Further, secondary fittings with boxes, which may have protective blocks, are openly or hiddenly mounted. If the devices are mounted with open wiring, then lining made of non-conductive materials should also be provided - as a rule, their thickness does not exceed 1 cm.
Conclusion
In addition to the technical organization, the quality of the lighting systems will depend on the ergonomics of management, preventive maintenance and other operational factors. In particular, the installation of outdoor lighting is increasingly carried out with integrated automation. To do this, use controllers with control systems for the general electrical infrastructure of the house. For internal luminaires, single sensors and sensors are used, which save users from unnecessary manipulations with the same switches. But these and other technical and operational solutions should be laid in advance at the planning stage of the system.