There are a fairly large number of forms of ownership. Unitary and state-owned enterprises are both important for economic life, and little known to the wide layman. Therefore, within the framework of this article, this defect will be corrected.
general information
The state-owned enterprise is a state entity of economic activity. What is its feature? The point here is that they belong to the "treasury" of the state. This means that these firms fall under government control. Directly or directly, it can affect a very large number of issues, among which are: price policy, financial incentives for employees, directive planning and other issues.
The state-owned enterprise is committed to concluding contracts with various organizations regarding the supply of goods that cover the needs of the state. The latter provides them with financial assistance, benefits in the issue of public procurement, provides protection against bankruptcy and much more. Despite the fact that the state-owned enterprise operates in conditions of strict disciplinary responsibility (theoretically), there is no need to talk about its economic efficiency. In fact, as a rule, such firms are forced out of the market system. They are budget entities of economic activity.
Practical implementation
How does a state-owned state-owned enterprise work? Initially, it should be noted that a rather significant part of the budget goes to support such organizations. The effectiveness of the use of funds largely depends on the management system used. Now there is a tendency to reduce the number of this type of economic entities to a reasonable minimum.
Different countries may share different creation and management experiences with which they approach firms such as a state-owned enterprise and institution. Because of this, transferring the achievements of one country to another is difficult. The only thing that is common is management with the help of ministries and, in some cases, special commissions. Let's look at an example with the Russian Federation. How does the municipal state enterprise operate here? Or federal? What features are there?
Realities of the Russian Federation
The legislative base in our country is the law “On the reform of state enterprises”. The body of authority that approved the composition controls the subject of economic activity. It should be noted that the immediate head of the institution or enterprise still has a certain independence. Therefore, it is impossible to call him an appendage to the state apparatus.
So, a typical federal state-owned enterprise has preferences. For example, it uses a competitive selection system for the highest posts. In addition, an independent expert assessment of activity is used here, and important decisions are often made collectively. An industry body also creates a council, committee, or management committee. This is the most effective approach due to the fact that it allows you to save on organizational expenses and at the same time control the activities of the created subject.
And what else?
It is envisaged that such economic entities should have in their name the words: “federal” or “municipal state-owned enterprise”. In addition, there should be an indication of the owner of the property. Such firms are required to be in the place of their state registration.
Also, each state-owned enterprise must have a mailing address. If it changes, then the body that deals with the state registration of legal entities should be notified. Management of state-owned enterprises can be carried out at the highest level, if they produce products of extreme importance. It should also be noted the differences that exist within the group of subjects of economic activity.
Unitary enterprise
What is the feature here? This is the name of the federal state-owned enterprise, which is based on the right of operational management. His legal status is quite specific. So, on the one hand, it was created in order to perform certain work, provide services, produce products, that is, carry out commercial activities. On the other hand, economic activity can be carried out through the use of budget funds, which are allocated by the federal treasury.
Thus, a unitary enterprise is a specific legal entity that occupies an intermediate place between a non / commercial organization. True, in order to prevent abuse in this case, such a subject of economic activity can be created only by decision of the government of the Russian Federation. And only on the basis of property that is in federal ownership.
Federal state-owned factories
Let's look at this kind. Federal state-owned factories are created to solve specific problems (for example, the production of tanks). They can also be reorganized based on existing facilities. In the latter case, the law prohibits reducing the number of jobs and refusing to accept employees who were here before the changes. Also, property of the enterprise cannot be transferred to other persons. At the same time, the legislation stipulates that it can be alienated only with the consent of the governing body, which initiated the creation of the state institution. Also, the latter is required:
- Provide reporting in accordance with established forms.
- The head is personally responsible for the result of the economic activity of the economic entity headed by him.
- Federal funds must be used exclusively for their intended purpose.
- The types of activities are discussed, as well as the procedure for the distribution of profits.
Specificity
If we talk about the direct management of a state-owned enterprise, then this task lies with the director. He acts on the principle of one-man management. Only the federal government body that was involved in approving its composition can appoint and dismiss him from his post. Moreover, the Russian Federation bears subsidiary liability for the obligations of such a business entity.
In other words, the state assumes all risks that arise in connection with the activities of the enterprise. In an additional procedure, the Russian Federation is liable for its debts with its property. And this means that due to the activities of one enterprise, it can be recovered. It should also be noted that reorganization and liquidation can only be carried out by the government of the Russian Federation.
Examples of state enterprises
Where are such structures involved? What specific goals are they created for? Typically, the state develops its activities in those areas that are of strategic importance for its existence or simply are not interested in investors, but are important.
An example is the area of space exploration. On the whole planet there is only one private company that is engaged in the construction of spacecraft. The bulk of the work is carried out precisely by state or allied (when several countries unite) structures. Alas, here it is not necessary to talk about obtaining significant quick profits. Therefore, for most entrepreneurs, this area is not of interest.
Strategic sectors include agriculture and the defense industry. The first depends on the satisfaction of the most basic needs of the country's population. And in cases of interruptions in the supply of food products, we can confidently talk about the approach of hunger and human losses. Therefore, agriculture is supported by all states, which at least a little worry about their security. Here not only large enterprises are created and tough conditions exist, but various stimulating support is provided. At the same time, the defense industry is concentrated almost entirely on state-owned enterprises so that in the event of a conflict the enemy could not undermine the army's supply through economic sabotage.
Conclusion
As you can see, state-owned state-owned enterprises are quite significant in maintaining the country's activities. In case of starvation, a state reserve is organized - a special structure that is engaged in the formation of a food supply. And there are a large number of similar examples. Although almost all attention was paid to the Russian Federation within the framework of the article, other states also act in a similar way.
The only question is what attention is paid to this aspect. Thus, the strategic reserve of this resource in the United States of America is considered an indicator of the activity of estimated oil purchases in the world. The norm is when there are more than 600 million barrels. If the indicator is less than this number, a new large player will enter the market, who will buy it en masse.