The state and society is a complex system of ties, which is built on a number of institutions. One of the fundamental is property. It can be private, state, communal, public. What are the most important ownership functions?
Introductory information
Begin with a definition. Under the property understand the belonging of things, intellectual and material values to certain individuals. Moreover, there is a legal right to them, which is accompanied by economic relations between people in matters of ownership, division and disposal of objects. This is far from a complete definition. The economic function of property is the emergence of relations between people regarding the appropriation of the means of production, as well as the economic benefits created through them. Due to this, this event is considered from two perspectives. Namely legal and economic.
About ownership functions
In short, but it is:
- The basis of the economic system.
- The result of historical development.
- The basis for the formation of the class composition of society, as well as its position in the entire economic system.
All this can be viewed from the perspective of two categories. Namely:
- Economic category. It determines the forms within which management is carried out, the distribution of income, the nature and degree of satisfaction of social and economic requests from individuals and legal entities. But that is far from all. Additionally, the nature of the economic system and the level of well-being in society depend on this.
- Legal category. It manifests itself in the fact that with the help of legislative acts establish legal norms that govern the relationship between different people, which are associated with the ownership, use and disposal of property belonging to different entities. It affects the financial situation of an individual or collective.
About forms
Property functions are divided into:
- Private It distinguishes shared and common.
- Collective. Here I single out the property of cooperatives, rental enterprises, business companies, associations.
- State. This is a republican / federal, communal.
On economic implementation
The functions of property rights imply that they will have to be managed to satisfy their own needs. Here the question arises about its economic implementation as a category. The essence here is the appropriation of certain goods and services. Upon receiving them in the property, they begin to be perceived as their own. And what does this consist of? Property, if implemented economically, performs a system-forming function. What form does this process take? In fact, this results in an increase in sources and / or income. All this provides augmentation of the property. Important for this is the economic and legal consolidation of resources, means of production, property, material goods, incomes, services and other similar issues. Assignment plays an important role in the transfer process. In fact, this is the rejection of the property, as well as various values from the person to whom they belong. This is done by a person who wishes to become the owner of such a process.
About state property
Given the recent past, we can conclude: in our country there are the most bizarre combinations of forms of ownership. In foreign countries, the functions of state ownership often consist in supporting various spheres of public life that are disadvantageous to private capital. For example, in the USA passenger rail transport is unprofitable, because of which they are forced to remain in state ownership. In addition, the functions of managing state property also involve making investments in areas that are not of interest to private companies. For example, theoretical sciences, the payback for which is now decades. Private capital does not have so much time to wait. Space exploration can be cited as the most famous example. The start was given back in the mid-twentieth century. But only now are private capital attempts to intensify. And who knows how much more they would have to wait if not for the intervention of the states that decided to conquer space.
About denationalization and privatization
Until recently, there was no particular diversity. But when, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, a transition to a market system of management was made, the need arose to differentiate the production process. As well as forms of ownership. This process is known as denationalization and privatization. What is he like? By this process is meant a decrease in the functions of the state and a decrease in its role in the management of economic objects. It is exempted from the function of direct economic management. A number of powers are transferred to state bodies of enterprises. This is accompanied by a transition from command-administrative methods to economic leadership. In practice, this leads to the fact that the functions of direct management over industrial and commercial activities are transferred directly to the economic entities themselves. Privatization is understood as the process of transferring ownership of enterprises and other property that previously belonged to the state, into the hands of private individuals and groups of workers.
About the economic system
Property management functions, with the proper approach, make it possible to ensure a confident and persistent foundation for the efficiency of the whole society. In a market economy, private ownership has the greatest quantitative advantage. They are necessary to ensure economic freedom, independence of behavior and responsibility of producers. The situation of specific groups, strata, classes, as well as the possibility of their access to use numerous factors of production depends on this. And not surprisingly, because property is the result of historical development. Although it should be noted that within the framework of a certain economic system, a certain form prevails. It should be noted that this does not exclude the possibility of the existence of old designs that are inherited from the past. As well as new forms, which are a kind of germ of the transition to a new system. As a rule, the transition is carried out in an evolutionary way due to the competition for survival. That which is dying is gradually being supplanted. Although other ways of changing forms of ownership are possible, such as transformation, expropriation, nationalization.
About the management aspect
How is the leadership implemented? The function of managing federal property involves announcing a list of competitive requirements, selecting among applicants, selecting a specific person and setting goals for him. The relevant structures, which are influenced by the people elected by the people, are engaged in this. For example, the Legislative Assembly (State Duma) is elected. It at the suggestion of the president appoints the government. And so on to the smallest elements of the entire system. In the private segment, everything is different. There is no single decision center. Of course, government decisions and laws of the State Duma can influence the ongoing processes, but absolutely everything does not depend on them. For example, our intellectual property functions are protected. That is, everyone can create a creative product and claim a reward for their work.
But this is on paper. But in practice? Hand on heart, who can say that they have not watched a movie in the public domain for at least the last year? But almost all the materials that are placed in it are the so-called pirated products. That is, one that is outside the legal framework and prosecuted in accordance with the law.
Transitions between different forms
The ownership functions suggest that certain changes are gradually being implemented. Brand new forms may arise. But in our time, the most relevant is the transition between them. This has already been briefly touched upon, now let's look at all this in more detail:
- Nationalization of property. It involves the transfer of private property to state ownership. This is true for land, transport, industry.
- Privatization of property. It involves the transfer of state property to private hands. The acquisition by individuals and legal entities of ownership or interest requires the transformation of enterprises and organizations. Although it should be noted that objects of national heritage, nature reserves and cultural and historical values cannot be privatized.
- Denationalization of property. This means the return by the state of property that was seized from the population to the previous owners. This, for example, is often found in the Baltic countries.
- Reprivatization of property. It implies the transfer to private hands of property that was obtained thanks to the state buying up land, shares, and enterprises from the population.
The biggest problem here is the uniform progress of the processes.