Design of public buildings and structures - norms and rules. The purpose of the building. List of premises

Public buildings are included in the service sector. They are used for educational, educational, medical, cultural and other activities. All these processes require certain conditions. The Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (latest revision ) is a key regulatory act containing prescriptions to which facilities must comply. Various sets of rules specify the provisions. One of them is SP 118.13330.2012 "Public buildings and structures." This document came into force on January 1, 2013. The act establishes standards for the design of public buildings . Consider in the article some general principles for drawing up a plan of an object.

Relevance of the issue

Designing of residential and public buildings is a special area of ​​activity. The effective functioning of the internal environment of the facility is ensured by the spatial organization and implementation of special measures aimed at protecting a person from the adverse effects of external factors. The primary quality of the structure is the correspondence of their activities to be carried out in it. Functional characteristics are diverse. They reflect not only the complexity and diversity of human needs, but also the scientific and technical level, especially the terrain. The purpose of the building determines the key architectural parameters. At the same time, ideas about the compliance of the object with the goals for which it is used are constantly changing over time. The emergence of new types of structures provides the emergence of structures and materials. They, in turn, contribute to the implementation of new architectural ensembles in practice. This dialectical unity is the most important condition for the progressive development of the construction industry. The artistic and functional tasks of architecture are embodied in concrete forms. They provide strength, durability, reliability of objects and their parts. The purpose of the building determines its structural features. The internal structure of the facility should allow the planned activities to be carried out without any difficulties.

Design of public buildings

It is a complex, multi-level creative process. Design of public buildings is carried out on the basis of state standards. The master plan of the facility includes a comprehensive solution of various engineering and architectural issues:

1. Social services staff.
2. Rational placement of the facility, its elements, utilities on the site designated for this. At the same time, planning is carried out taking into account the requirements contained in the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (latest edition ), technological requirements, as well as mutual altitude.
3. Landscaping of the adjacent territory.
4. Transport, economic, engineering and technical support.
5. Territory protection.

Blueprints

Designing public buildings includes drawing up various schemes:

1. Situational plan. It is compiled on a scale of 1:10 000 (or to 25 000).
2. Center plan (location of structures on the ground). For it, a scale of 1: 500, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 is provided.

The latter includes plans:

1. Relief organization.
2. Earth masses.
3. Engineering networks (summary diagram).
4. Landscaping.

The development of drawings is carried out in the minimum required volume. The level of detail reflects the adopted technical solutions, corresponds to a specific design stage.

Situational scheme

It reflects the condition of the territories that are adjacent to the area planned for construction, as well as its change associated with the preparation of activities on the ground. The situational scheme determines the rational distribution, transport, external engineering, economic, production relations of the enterprise with other facilities, including auxiliary ones, as well as personnel resettlement areas, road network, and the boundaries of the SPZ. The plan reflects the permissible territorial development of the structure for the future. It contains information on the intended use of the territories adjacent to the facility.

Key principles

When drawing up master plans, it is necessary to reflect:

1. Zoning.
2. Differentiation of freight transport and human flows.
3. Blocking.
4. Placement of facilities intended for servicing employees.
5. Ensuring the priority of construction and future development of the territory.
6. Unification of parameters and modularity of building and planning components.
7. Entrances and entrances to the facility.
8. Types of buildings and techniques for the formation of architectural composition.
9. Driveways and highways.

Space-planning solutions

The organizational chart of an object is determined by location and interconnection:

• planning core;
• structural nodes vertically and horizontally.

The first is called the main room in terms of its functions and dimensions (one or several). A structural unit is a block of interconnected areas that perform a structure-forming role in the formation of the composition of an object. These items include:

1. Entrance groups. Among them are dressing rooms, vestibules, vestibules.
2. Groups of main rooms. They are auditoriums, halls, etc.
3. Groups of auxiliary and utility areas, bathrooms.

The premises of public buildings , forming the structural nodes, provide the entrance of people from the outer space, the preparation of the internal environment of the object for the implementation of the basic functions, the implementation of auxiliary and main tasks, the movement of visitors and staff.

Entry group

It includes various elements. In accordance with the purpose of the building, the evacuation and loading system, are created:

1. Combined outputs and inputs. This planning decision is considered the most common.
2. Separated outputs and inputs. Such items suit museums, shops and so on.
3. Separate exits and entrances for women and men. This solution is used in sports complexes, saunas, etc.

Characteristics of elements

Entrance group is considered an obligatory part for many public buildings. It includes utility areas, lobby, vestibules, wardrobe. The latter is designed to store clothes. It is located near the entrance, but at a small distance from the way people move. The main elements that the wardrobe is associated with are a freight elevator , stairs, halls, etc. It is considered an organic part of the lobby, which, in turn, can be single or double-level. The total space should be free to accommodate the required number of people. In this regard, regardless of the structural structure of the object, the lobby is planned to be framed. At the same time, a freight elevator , escalators, stairs, etc. should be conveniently connected with it. The tambour is the space between the inner and outer doors. They may also be an extension to the construction of a small size. It provides protection against precipitation, temperature extremes, etc. When designing vestibules, the free movement of people should be taken into account. In this regard, their depth is not less than one and a half widths of one door leaf.

Ceiling Height: Standard

The distance from the floor to the upper floor is determined by SNiP. It depends on the purpose of the building, the volume of human traffic. The main parameters are as follows:

1. In public buildings, sanatorium living rooms, the distance from the floor to the upper floor is at least 3 m. Separate rules apply to objects with living spaces of a different type.
2. In the bath and recreation complexes, designed for 100 people. and more, the distance to the upper floor from the floor is not less than 3.3 m.
3. The height of the ceilings in dry cleaners and laundries is 3.6 meters or more.

In some auxiliary rooms and corridors, a shorter distance is allowed in accordance with technological requirements and space-planning decisions. However, the ceiling height should not be lower than 1.9 m. Subject to functional and technical rules, the distance to the upper floor of the attic floors can be reduced under an inclined upper floor. Moreover, the area of ​​such a site cannot be more than 40% of S of the whole room. On the lowest part of the inclined plane, the height is not less than 1.2 m, if the slope is 30 degrees, if 45 - 0.8 m, 60 degrees - not limited. In office and other administrative rooms, the distance to the upper floor is at least 3 m. Meanwhile, the norms allow some exceptions. As they may be small offices that are not located in administrative buildings. The distance to the upper floor can be set in them according to the parameters provided for other types of buildings (residential, in particular).

Additionally

Special attention should be paid to the technical floor. The distance to the upper floor is set in each case individually. This takes into account various factors. Technical floor - a space in which engineering networks, auxiliary equipment and other technical equipment are located. When determining the required distance from the floor to the top, the specifics of their installation, as well as the operating conditions, should be taken into account. The ceiling height in the areas where service workers move to the lower elements of the protruding parts should be at least 1.8 m. If the space is planned to be used exclusively for the placement of utilities in the form of pipelines or for their isolation from non-combustible materials, the minimum distance to the upper ceiling is 1.6 m

Conclusion

Public buildings have different functions. Among them:

1. Formation of conditions for the interaction of people, public services.
2. Providing episodic, regular, everyday needs of citizens. In particular, it is about leisure activities, spiritual development, cultural enlightenment, education, etc.

The functional structure of buildings includes three components: recreational and health, industrial and household. Any space inside the object should fully meet the goals of the activities that are carried out in it.