One of the most common types of buildings in our country today are frame. In the constructions of this variety, the main load from the roof and facades is borne by a complex system of beams, racks and lintels. This technology can be built on as ordinary small private houses, as well as high-rise buildings or, for example, production workshops.
Benefits
The main advantage of using a frame methodology for building houses is the freedom of planning decisions. The advantages of this technology include:
- high speed of construction of buildings;
- simplicity of construction;
- low cost of finished facilities.
Frame houses weigh less than buildings erected by other technologies. And therefore, under them you do not need to fill too powerful foundations.
Types of frame systems
The bearing crates of buildings can be classified according to two main characteristics:
- type of material used for assembly;
- a way to connect elements.
The very components of the frames of houses are divided into load-bearing structures and communications.
Types of systems for the material used and their characteristics
The skeletons of buildings can be constructed using such construction technology from different materials. In private housing during the construction of low-rise houses, the frame is usually assembled from timber and boards. Various kinds of industrial premises, warehouses, as well as all kinds of small architectural forms (arbors, verandas) are most often built on metal crates.
Most often, multi-story residential and administrative buildings are erected on reinforced concrete frames . In this case, ready-made reinforced concrete beams of different sections and lengths are used to assemble the skeleton.
Recently, the technology of erection on a reinforced concrete frame and private low-rise buildings has become popular in Russia. In this case, the skeleton of the building, as well as the floors, are usually poured directly in place in the formwork with reinforcement.
The advantage of wooden frame systems of buildings is primarily low cost. The disadvantage of the crates of this type is the relative fragility. The advantages of metal frames include strength and speed of assembly. The downside is their high cost.
The main advantage of concrete cores is durability. The disadvantages include some difficulty in installation. Ready-made reinforced concrete elements of the frame systems of this variety can only be mounted in place using special equipment. When pouring such frames in place, it takes a long time to wait for the concrete to mature, as well as to assemble / disassemble and rearrange the formwork.
Varieties by way of connections
When erecting buildings and structures, the following types of frames can be assembled:
- frame;
- frame-linking;
- communication.
The first type of cage is a system of beams, columns and ceilings, rigidly connected to a stable and solid spatial structure. Frame-communication frames are assembled in approximately the same way. However, in this case, the horizontal stiffness of the building is enhanced by the use of (most often metal) horizontal elements installed diagonally.
The communication frame systems of walls are characterized primarily by the fact that all the horizontal forces in them in both directions are transmitted through the interfloor ceilings to rigid diaphragms. The skeleton frames themselves in this case are designed only for vertical loads.
The main elements of a wooden crate
During the construction of low-rise suburban residential buildings and cottages, in the vast majority of cases, such a frame system is assembled. Structural elements in its composition it has the following:
- upper and lower harness;
- wall racks;
- crossbars;
- logs and beams;
- roof rafters.
The method of assembly of wooden crates
The installation of cores of this type is usually carried out using the following technology:
- anchor bolts are poured into the foundation at the construction stage with a not too large step;
- lags are installed;
- after the concrete base has matured, the lower harness is fixed to the bolts;
- frame racks are attached to the strapping;
- the upper harness is mounted;
- floor beams are installed.
The fastening of the frame elements of this variety can be made, for example, by cutting. Also, very often wooden skeletons of buildings are assembled simply using metal corners. Fasteners of this type for the installation of the battens are supposed to choose only the highest quality and, of course, galvanized.
After assembling the frame of the walls in such houses, the roof truss system is erected. The methodology for its construction usually looks like this:
- pre-cut rafter legs are attached to the upper harness;
- at the top, these elements are connected into a single truss using metal plates.
After installing the insulation and waterproofing, narrow boards of the crate are printed on top of the rafters, on which the roof sheathing material will be attached in the future.
Installation of metal structures
Such load-bearing frame systems are usually manufactured in factories from thin-walled steel profiles and delivered directly to the place of construction of the building. Only during the construction of small architectural forms can such battens be assembled, for example, from a steel corner, metal pipes of round and square sections, etc. The connection of elements in this case is done by welding. Sometimes, bolts can also be used to assemble the crate of small architectural forms. If necessary, the elements of such frames are given the desired shape (for example, arched) using a pipe bender.
Ready-made factory frames, racks, trusses, beams initially have assembly holes. Installation of the frame system in this case is usually limited to screwing in the bolts. Particularly critical elements in the crates of this type are fixed on rivets.
Subsequently, the enclosing structures of such a building are simply insulated and sheathed with facade and roofing materials. The pluses of buildings on such a frame include the fact that, if necessary, they can be easily disassembled and transported to another place.
For the installation of such frame systems of houses, anchors are also pre-poured into the foundation. Then they are directly attached to the racks of the crate through the wide soles available to them. After installing these elements, installation of crane beams is started. Next, mount the roof truss.
Features of the assembly of concrete frames
The skeletons of this type include three main elements:
- columns;
- the basics of stairways;
- crossbars.
In professional construction, quite sophisticated technologies for the construction of such buildings are used. Low-rise houses of this type are built according to a relatively simple method.
In this case, on the pile foundation in the formwork, the floor plate of the first floor is poured. Further, columns are also erected in pre-assembled form. Subsequently, the ceiling of the second floor is poured onto them. All elements in the process of erecting such a concrete skeleton are fastened to each other through reinforcement.
The seams formed between structures in the frame system of a building using this technique are called cold. So that they do not weaken the structure of the building, when pouring elements, they try to make the bonds between already frozen and still viscous concrete more stable. To do this, the surfaces of the plates and columns that have already gained strength are pre-cleaned.
Buildings are erected on a monolithic reinforced concrete frame only in the warm season. In winter, pouring the structures of such cores is highly not recommended. At low temperatures, concrete does not gain sufficient strength during solidification.