In a social society, every adult healthy person is engaged in labor activities. The performance of everyone depends on good health, so any person needs a timely rest. The labor code guarantees us relaxation during the holidays. What is a rest? This is a process that restores mental and physical performance, as well as the mental and moral strength of a person. Tourism is a journey, the purpose of which can be cognitive, health-improving, religious, sports destinations. Outgoing tourism has been developing rapidly in recent decades, allowing tourists to travel abroad. Tourism, in addition to social orientation, has an important economic component.
Technologies, classification of tourism
The economic efficiency of tourism is largely determined by the classification of its forms. Classification is a grouping by similar, homogeneous attributes that depend on specific goals. Each form is characterized by the peculiar needs of tourists, a certain set of services that will satisfy these needs. The production and service process includes:
- type of tourism;
- form of tourism;
- kind of tourism.
The basis of the form of tourism is a country sign, that is, whether a tourist crosses the border. On this basis, two main forms are distinguished: international (entry, exit) and domestic tourism.
Domestic tourism is a domestic destination, a journey within the country, within the Russian Federation, of people who constantly live here. In turn, he can be social and amateur. Usually, each country is interested in the development of domestic tourism, since at the same time foreign exchange resources remain inside the state, this stimulates the economy.
International tourism is otherwise called foreign, that is, it is departure or entry into another country. A feature of outbound tourism is the departure of citizens of the Russian Federation abroad. Inbound tourism is a trip of people in our country who do not reside permanently in the territory of the Russian Federation. Those firms that are engaged in inbound tourism are called host (receptive) firms. Russia is a huge country with great potential for tourism development. Unfortunately, tourism resources are not used to our full potential.
The development of international tourism is influenced by many factors, they can be divided into three main groups: social, economic and demographic.
Travel business in Russia
In the global economy, the tourism business is one of the most developing industries. Tourism development affects the development of the economic situation of each individual country. World practice shows that the tourism business is in second place after the oil industry in terms of profitability.
In Russia, it is especially important to develop tourism, because this industry is favorable for the growth of small businesses. Significant appropriations are not required here, but there is the prospect of attracting large-scale foreign investment. Today, the tourism industry in Russia is in an unstable position, more often in shadow relations both with the state and with participants in the tourism market.
The state loses billions, refusing to support the development of inbound, outbound and domestic tourism, in addition, thousands of jobs are lost.
Nevertheless, tourism is developing and is one of the main types of business. Russia occupies an advantageous position; it is part of the European and Asian continents. This fact preserves its identity, attracts tourists from all over the world. Many foreigners today seek to visit our country and see the interpenetration of Asian and European culture. Although tourist activity is gradually increasing, nevertheless, this type of business has little effect on the country's economy. Of the share of the global tourist flow, we own only 1%. Whereas in some countries the share of tourism reaches 15 and even 50%.
The tourism business in Russia relies more on the development of outbound tourism. The bulk of the tour operators are sending our citizens abroad. Only a few work to attract tourists to us in Russia. However, in recent years, this trend began to change, inbound tourism began to develop more actively.
Outbound Tourism
In international tourism, traveling people leave the country of permanent residence, this type of tourism has its own characteristics:
- registration of documents for departure is required;
- there is a restriction on foreign exchange;
- upon departure and entry, tourists are taxed, duties, fees;
- the need for a medical examination, assistance to tourists is necessarily included in outbound tourism services.
All of these points are a mandatory part of international tourism. Differences in monetary units to some extent affect the freedom of movement of tourists, as well as language barriers. This significantly differs international tourism from domestic.
The economic feature of international tourism is that it affects the country's cash balances. Foreign tourists, making money transactions in the host country, activate the currency balance, therefore, inbound tourism is called active (it attracts finance to the state). Outbound tourism involves the outflow of money from the country, therefore it is called passive. The division into active and passive occurs only in international tourism.
The concept of international, national tourism is represented within the country at four levels: on a planetary scale (global), a group of countries (regional), country, local (in a separate region of the country).
Outbound Tourism Objectives
There is a classification of tourism, where travel goals are taken as a basis. Here, the opinions of researchers differ. Most are of the opinion that outbound tourism has as its goal either entertainment and leisure, or business intentions.
Travel for fun and relaxation . This is the main basis of international tourism. Here, informative, entertaining, recreational, sports, amateur and other trips with the purpose of recreation are combined. According to statistics and observations, it can be judged that travel to warm countries to the sun and sea is in high demand among tourists. Any vacation also implies the development of horizons, learning something new, getting acquainted with the sights, cultural values of the host countries. Thanks to the development of international tourism, people get the opportunity to personally get acquainted with the culture and population of another country, so ideas about other aspects of life are formed. Cognitive tourism is widespread, researchers put it among the leading sub-sectors, along with sports and recreation.
Business tourism . People travel for business purposes without receiving income from a business trip. Business tourism covers a variety of trips to conventions, conferences, meetings, scientific congresses, exhibitions, fairs, production seminars. Business tourists include commercial agents, drivers, travel guides, stewardesses, who, as the need for their professions, constantly travel outside their country of residence.
Economic benefit
Inbound and outbound tourism have different economic benefits for the country. Inbound tourism (active), as mentioned above, is much more profitable for the state economy. A foreign tourist, visiting the host country, imports currency. The state budget is being replenished. In addition, in the tourism industry, the number of vacant jobs for workers is increasing. This has a positive effect on the employment of the population, including the payment of taxes to the budget, and also raises the general standard of living of the population.
Outbound tourism of the Russian Federation in this regard will be less beneficial for the state. This is due to the export of foreign currency. Income in the economy will appear only from taxes paid by travel companies sending tourists on a trip. New jobs will only be received by employees of a particular tourist organization in the field of transportation and dispatch. On the other hand, with massive domestic and outbound tourism, the state receives considerable income. For example, in Hungary, almost every citizen travels twice a year. In our country, only two percent of residents can afford foreign travel. This is, of course, connected with the low income level of the population. However, recently, outbound tourism in Russia is developing more and more, this is evidenced by statistics on the growth in the number of trips abroad. As before, Russians prefer inexpensive resorts where a warm climate favors relaxation.
International Tourism - Relationship Stimulator
From the practice of international relations it is clear that at all stages of development, international tourism is a factor contributing to the warming of relations between peoples and states, strengthening friendship and peace. There is also stimulation of the development of cultural, trade, foreign economic relations, and general international cooperation.
The main goals of international tourism:
- Strengthening trust and positive relationships between countries through tourism links.
- Development of trade and economically mutually beneficial relations.
- Expansion of contacts, ties along the lines of cultural, scientific and technical organizations and individuals.
- Creating mutually beneficial conditions for the exchange of tourists. Organization of technical data exchange, development of standards, simplification of formalities, technologies of outbound tourism.
International tourism in cooperation has two main forms: agreements on a bilateral basis and on a multilateral basis. Today, the practice of signing such agreements remains valid. Implementation control is entrusted to the tourism national administration. Representatives meet regularly, take stock and plan work for next year. The objectives and goals of such tourism organizations are:
- definitions in the directions of modern tourism;
- assistance to member countries of these organizations in the development and promotion of tourism;
- environmental objectives for environmental protection;
- preservation of culture, heritage;
- maintaining peace and mutual understanding between countries.
In general, today there are about two hundred international organizations that have a different status and profile and are involved in the development of international tourism nationwide.
Organization of international tourism
The organization of outbound tourism involves such relations between consumers (tourists) and distributors (service providers), when the latter, in collaboration with transport, insurance companies, banks, provide the consumer with international tourism services. The main units in the organization in the tourism market are travel companies and travel agencies.
Travel agencies - retail companies. They serve as intermediaries between customers and tour operators. Travel agencies organize the tours that the travel agency offers them, also provide separate services, establishing links with tour agencies, hotel and transport companies. Tours are sold here at tour operator prices, while the agencies receive their commissions. For certain services, the travel agency gets its mark-up percentage, which they set on their own. Most travel agencies operate under the leadership of large travel agencies, influential airlines, retail and hotel corporations. Travel agency activities should be carried out with a license by a legal entity or a travel agent (individual entrepreneur).
Tour operator companies organize outbound tourism, being an intermediary between travel agents and large tourism enterprises. They can sell tours themselves or with the help of travel agencies. The organization of trips by tour operators implies their connection with transport, food, accommodation, tour agencies and cultural institutions. Tour operators can rent on a contract basis hotels, buses, airplanes. They provide maximum load while receiving significant discounts. Tour operator companies carry out their activities on the basis of a license obtained by a legal entity or tour operator (individual entrepreneur).
Outbound tourism geography
Destinations of outbound tourism in the Russian Federation are quite diverse. The tourist market offers to go anywhere in the world. The most popular tours among Russians have always been considered southern destinations where the sun and the sea (Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, Bali, Goa). Due to political instability, the demand for Turkey and Egypt fell sharply, which is why the economies of these countries were hit hard. But now the directions in that direction are gaining momentum again. Where else do tourists like to relax? According to statistics from tour operators, the most popular destinations in 2016 were the following:
- Slovenia . The UNESCO World Heritage List includes three attractions that Slovenia is famous for. They are worth a look. Shkotsyan caves: natural bridges, various stalagmites, windows are surprisingly adjacent here. Pile prehistoric settlements in the Alps: to the surprise of tourists, the wood taken for construction has been preserved in exceptional condition. Former mercury mines, they are located in Idria.
- Iran The country has emerged from international isolation and is now ready for the “tsunami” of tourists. The attention here is attracted by the mosques and palaces of Isfahan. It’s interesting to visit the Imam’s mosque, the acoustics here are amazing, you can hear that a person whispers in a different corner. The seventeenth-century palace Chehel Stone with forty columns is decorated with rich frescoes.
- Romania It attracts tourists who appreciate a calm, measured vacation: a variety of vast landscapes, a huge number of churches, castles. You can wander around Transylvania Castle Dracula, go down to the salt mine in Turda, take a walk through the Botanical Garden of Bucharest.
- Cambodia is famous for its ancient temples that have preserved their beauty. What is the Royal Palace in Phnom Penh? In the same city, the National Museum has collected more than 14 thousand exhibits, some of them hundreds and thousands of years old.
- Belgium Every tourist here must visit the Chocolate Museum in Brussels, where he sees with his own eyes the transformation of the sweet mass into the famous Brussels shells. It is also worth taking a trip to Bruges to the Brewery Museum.
- Canada and Japan for those who prefer long-distance outbound tourism. In Canada, you can relax in the famous resorts of Vancouver. Every tourist seeking unusual impressions seeks to get to Japan. Scientific innovations can be seen in the Museum of the Future in Tokyo, art lovers must visit the Tokyo Theater.
For those who are thinking about traveling to neighboring countries, experienced tourists are advised to go to Georgia, Moldova, Lithuania.
Security basics. Preparation for departure
The safety of outbound tourism is the concern of any travel company. Each tourist must take out insurance in case of any unforeseen event that may occur in a foreign country. But remember that before you go abroad, prepare yourself, learn the basics of security.
Your safety begins already at home - in preparation for the journey. Carefully study the country you intend to visit, read reviews, take an interest in the opinion of compatriots, view the ratings in which the country is included, find out all the contacts of embassies and consulates.
Be sure to insure yourself. Outbound tourism, organized by a tour operator, necessarily involves insurance. But if you are driving on your own, do not forget about insurance.
Make photocopies of your main documents and maps and transfer them to your relatives or friends for storage, tell them all the coordinates where you will rest, how to get there. In unforeseen cases, you can get the necessary information from them.
For upcoming flights, be sure to study on the Internet the scheme of airports, the location of the terminals. You can print and take the circuit with you.
Form a first aid kit. Divide the drugs in it into two groups. The first is the funds that you use constantly. , , . , , . – , , , .
Outbound tourism has its own security specifics. What needs to be prepared when departing to another country? The smallest chance is that you will become a victim of any kind of violence, a serious crime. As international statistics show, 99.9% of crimes against tourists are a hoax with the goal of profit, petty theft. If there is a fight, unrest on the street or even a political coup, no one will touch a foreign tourist. You are even safer here than the indigenous people. The law is strict in this regard. First of all, think about economic security here. The main threat is theft. The basic principle of safety is how you dress, look. Choose clothes that are similar to those worn in the area, do not stand out from the crowd, do not show yourself as a rich tourist, do not litter with money, do not wear expensive jewelry, in a word, be simpler.
Do not think that the more civilized the country, the less crime there is. Not at all. Tourists can be robbed not only in Kingston in Jamaica or in Cape Town, South Africa. Large cities such as Athens, Rome, Washington, are also dangerous in these cases. Remember that the larger and more popular the city, the more pickpockets there are. Classic law: crime is always higher where more people are.
The hotel should be chosen on the principle of "the less, the better." In small establishments, staff will quickly remember you, here it is less likely that outsiders will come here from the street. Stay in institutions on busy streets so that lights work in the evening. Wealthy neighborhoods are usually safer than the poor. When processing documents, strict confidentiality must be respected. Outsiders do not need to know for how long, in what number you have settled. In reputable hotels, the key is issued in an envelope on which the number of your room is already written, it is not indicated on the tag. So if a key is lost, an outsider will not be able to get into your number.
Follow all safety precautions and your vacation will not be overshadowed by unpleasant incidents.