The philosophical term “phenomenon” is derived from the Greek “φαινόμενον”, which means “being”, “rare fact”, “unusual phenomenon”. If you look around, you can see a lot of objects, smell, warmth or cold, see the beauty and admire it, hear the music and be delighted with its melodic sounds. All these objects and phenomena in philosophy are usually called this term. In a word, they are all phenomena. These are philosophical concepts that designate those phenomena that can be comprehended in sensory experience. All of them can become an object of contemplation and scientific observation.
Types of Phenomena
Based on the foregoing, these objects and phenomena can be divided into physical and mental. According to the theory of the Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, the former include sounds, smells, natural landscape, rainfall, fields, forests, mountains and valleys, trees and shrubs and other objects of the world around us. All of them are given to us in experience, that is, we have the opportunity to see, hear, touch and feel them. But mental phenomena are all our mental activity, that is, all those representations that, through sensations or imagination, arise in our consciousness. These include acts of hearing, representation, vision, sensation, fantasizing, as well as such mental processes as memory, doubt, judgment; emotional experiences: joy, sadness, fear, hope, despair, courage, cowardice, love, anger, hatred, surprise, desire, excitement, admiration, etc.
Cultural phenomenon
The word "culture" has a great many meanings. It is an object of knowledge of various sciences: philosophy, sociology, aesthetics, culturology, ethnography, political science, psychology, pedagogy, history, art criticism, etc. In a broad sense, culture is all human activity that can have a variety of manifestations. It includes all the ways and forms of self-knowledge and self-expression, which are accumulated by society, and by an individual. In the narrow sense, culture is a series of codes (norms of behavior, rules, stereotypes, customs and rituals, etc.) adopted in this society, and which govern human behavior. In a word, culture is material and spiritual values. On our planet, the first of them have special meaning only for humans, since they are sanctified by customs, art, religion, in a word - culture. As regards spiritual values, not everything is so simple here. We have already witnessed more than once that our smaller brothers are also able to show feelings such as devotion, love, affection, joy, sadness, resentment, gratitude, etc., etc.
Culture and society
In the sociocultural context, the concept of “phenomenon” receives the status of a category. This is a phenomenon that is being studied in culture. Today it is increasingly becoming the object of various scientific works: dissertations, reports, diploma and term papers. However, it is extremely difficult for their authors to give an exact definition of this phenomenon. Each interprets it in his own way. The combination of such two concepts as “society” and “culture” is ubiquitous. Culture participates or is present in almost all areas of human life without exception. Our vocabulary constantly includes such expressions as “sociocultural space”, “cultural policy”, “personality culture”, etc. Many of these concepts have become so familiar to us that we don’t even notice how often we use them. So how do you understand the phenomenon of culture? This is primarily a special way of human life, where the objective and subjective act as a whole. Through culture, the organization and regulation of human life takes place, which leads to an increase in the level of its activity as a member of society.
Sociocultural in the works of Petirim Sorokin and F. Tenbrook
Russian sociologist P. A. Sorokin also investigated this phenomenon. According to him, a sociocultural phenomenon is all that people get from their environment due to their connection with culture, which, in turn, is a carrier of “supraorganic” values. By the latter, he understood everything that produces the human consciousness, for example, it can be languages, religion, philosophy, art, ethics, law, manners, habits, etc., etc. In short, according to Sorokin, “socioculturalism "Is the basic category of the social world, which implies the continuity of the individual, culture and society. And the German philosopher F. Tenbrook called this connection “a seamless connection” of three components: the individual, society and the system of moral and material values, that is, culture.
What can be considered a socio-cultural phenomenon?
Let us first list those phenomena that fall under the definition of a social phenomenon. This is a whole set of concepts that affect a person living in a society of their own kind. Of course, this is not a complete list, but here are some of them:
- money;
- fashion;
- poverty;
- religion (including sectarianism);
- social networks;
- news;
- rumors and gossip, etc.
And this is a list of sociocultural phenomena. It is more extensive. These phenomena are cultural and social phenomena combined into a single whole. Here they are:
- education;
- the science;
- politics;
- tourism;
- spirituality;
- physicality;
- education;
- a family;
- fashion;
- brand name
- religion;
- myth, legend;
- the trust;
- happiness;
- grief;
- legal validity;
- motherhood;
- tolerance;
- kitsch etc.
This list goes on and on.
Sociocultural developmental phenomenon
In our world, nothing is permanent and does not stand still. All phenomena are either improved or destroyed, moving to their final death. Perfection is a sociocultural developmental phenomenon. This is a process aimed at a positive change in both material and spiritual objects with one single goal - to become better. From the course of philosophy it is known that the ability to change is a universal property of both matter and consciousness. This is the principle of existence common to all (nature, knowledge and society).
Personality as a psychological phenomenon
A being with consciousness and self-awareness, that is, a living person, is a person. It has a very complex structure, which is a holistic systemic formation, a set of actions, relationships, significant, from the point of view of society, of the individual mental properties that were formed as a result of ontogenesis. They define his actions and actions as the behavior of the subject of communication and activity with consciousness. A person is capable of self-regulation, as well as dynamic functioning in society. Moreover, its properties, relationships and actions harmoniously interact with each other. Surely everyone is familiar with such an assessment of personality as the "core". This property is endowed with those individuals who have a strong character. However, in psychology, the "core" formation of personality is explained differently - this is his self-esteem. It is built on the basis of the individual’s attitude to himself. It is also affected by how a person evaluates other people. In the traditional sense, personality is an individual who acts as a subject of social (social) relations and spiritual activity. This structure also includes the physical and physiological characteristics of the human body, as well as its psychological characteristics. Thus, in addition to social and sociocultural phenomena, there is a psychological phenomenon. These are the phenomena that relate to the individual personality and its inner world: these are feelings, emotions, feelings, etc. Thus, a psychological phenomenon can be love, hatred, aggression, sympathy, manipulation, etc.
Conclusion
No matter what category they belong to, phenomena are all that can become an object of observation for the purpose of cognition.