In the modern context, the question: “Who is the founder of the physical education (PV) system in Russia?”, On the one hand, is rhetorical. Indeed, the answer to it is not a mystery behind seven seals, moreover, it is well known.
On the other hand, only one name of its creator has become a household name and is perceived as a synonym for the consistent formation of the Russian system of physical education. Thanks to this scientist, today it can be argued that the modern Russian PV system has historical and epistemological roots, it took as a basis classical classical physical education, in other words, ancient European (not Asian, not Hindu).
This doctrine today can be understood both in a narrow and in a broad sense. In its narrow sense, this is the theory of PV created by an enlightened, talented, spiritualized person. In a broader concept, in our 21st century it is already implemented, basic, generally accepted in Russia at all levels of the federal education system.
The founder of the domestic system of physical education is a brilliant teacher, doctor, anthropologist, Petr Frantsevich Lesgaft. A man whom the Russian intelligentsia respected. Here is what Academician Pavlov wrote about him:
After graduating from high school, he entered the Medical and Surgical Academy. He really needed then, often went hungry, but finished the academy brilliantly, and soon he defended two dissertations: first - for the degree of doctor of medicine, and three years later - for the degree of doctor of surgery.
Lesgaft became the first head of PV courses, which later evolved into the St. Petersburg State Academy of Physical Culture named after P.F. Lesgaft. Within the walls of this university today 5 thousand students, students, graduate students, doctoral students are educated. They are trained by 6 academicians, 7 corresponding members of various academies, more than four dozen professors and doctors of sciences, more than two hundred associate professors and candidates of sciences, 75 masters of sports.
On the other hand, in our ordinary life, the question asked: “Who is?” It causes an association not with regalia, but with the personality of the one whom is being asked. In other words, there is a subtext behind this phrase - “is this person a leader, is he capable of serving progress and, of course, leading other people along with him?” That is, both intelligence and human charisma are simultaneously evaluated.
In this case, we are really talking about a person in whom these qualities were manifested in abundance. After all, Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft managed to accomplish a miracle. Without power, under the conditions of the empire, he created a system that works for the benefit of people. In addition, he carried away with physical activities not only his contemporaries, but also set a constructive development impulse for subsequent generations.
The factor of physical education in society
Today, unfortunately, it is no secret to anyone: the modern PV system is in deep crisis. To do this, just familiarize yourself with the statistical information. It confirms the sad reality: 40% of children in the capital of Russia have chronic diseases. 70% are characterized by poor health. Such disappointing statistics were voiced by the famous pediatrician Leonid Roshal.
The world's most titled figure skating representative, three-time Olympic champion and ten-time world champion, and now State Duma deputy Irina Rodnina, has also repeatedly drawn the attention of the public that the PV program is now often implemented superficially.
When they say that sports should become fashionable, I strongly disagree with this. This should be a credo of life, a conscious need. Today, it seems that a lot is being done, the projects “Yard Coach” and “School Sport” have been created and are being promoted, but, frankly, a lot is being done only for the sake of numbers, for the sake of reports to the authorities.
A personal example of Irina Rodnina convinces us of the sincerity of her words. As a child, before coming to figure skating, she eleven times (!) Suffered from pneumonia. And it was physical education that helped the girl, prone to chronic illness, to degenerate into an outstanding athlete of the 20th century.
It is characteristic that the founder of the domestic system of physical education, even before the works of Pierre Coubertin, was the first in recent history to scientifically substantiate the need to introduce the PV system in all spheres of life: from the family level to the state level. The scientist, with his ideas far ahead of his time, emphasized the importance of consistency, cyclicality and continuity of this process:
Everything that exercises, develops and improves, which does not exercise, breaks up.
Of course, the founder of the scientific system of physical education is not just a scientist - an encyclopedist and researcher who formulated Olympic principles for athletes of the highest category even before Pierre Coubertin. Lesgaft is also an outstanding teacher, the first in the world to develop the principles of correct and consistent EF for children, adolescents, adolescents in close connection with the mental and educational aspect.
The crisis of the level of physical education
Why are we talking today about the PV crisis in the country? Yes, because now at all levels of the education and upbringing system, starting from the children's level, the principle of harmonious spiritual and physical development of a person is violated.
It should be recognized that modern state institutions unsatisfactorily implement the conclusions of the scientist recognized by the classics. Officials are often interested in the formal side of PV, but not its essence, which was surprisingly clearly described by P. F. Lesgaft in his work “Physical Development in Schools”:
In the school issue, both mental and physical, development should equally interest us and should proceed from exactly the same grounds; only in this case can we hope to achieve a more harmonious whole, and with it more stability and consistency in the manifestations of the educated person ... The task of education is to harmoniously develop and teach to manage all the organs of movement existing in the human body, replacing the activity of one with another .
The founder of the scientific system of physical education in Russia argued that it was the school that was the key link in the entire PV system. And his views are really relevant. Leading modern sports educators insist on the same. Undisputed is the actualization of the school as a key link in the PV system.
And in this regard, the state’s indifferent role is important, its direct assistance in overcoming poverty, social, family, ideological disorientation of youth. Let us recall only from what a poor, large family, far from physical culture, the most titled (and most talented) defender Alexander Maltsev once came into sports! Alexander’s childhood enthusiasm was supported and helped to develop precisely the existing PV system.
But he, as Vladimir Tikhonov assured, was far from his undisclosed talent like Wayne Gretzky, Bobby Hall.
What do we see today in children's sports? Unbridled commercialization? Trainers beating cache from parents of young athletes? Hundreds of thousands of young people spending leisure time not on sports grounds, but over a bottle of beer? Paid, and therefore inaccessible to most young people, gyms?
In this area, it is necessary to solve the difficult problems of targeted financing, teaching interest, accessibility and equipment of gyms and playgrounds, and widespread free involvement of children and youth.
The opposition of officials
What prevents the development of PV? High officials today direct the budget to the power sector of the economy, distance themselves from the problem under consideration, arguing that the state is not a key element in solving PV problems.
Objection to this demagogy. Who, if not the state, is the main consumer of human resources? Physical education is closely connected with human health, which determines the successful professional activity and, accordingly, the realization of the individual. After all, at the end of the century before last, Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft (those who are the founders of the physical education system), the social conditioning of PV was scientifically proven. It is through individual progress in the physical culture of citizens that the progress of society as a whole is achieved.
Lesgaft developed not only the tasks, goals, methods of such education, but also gave its methodology (definitions and characterization of the concepts related to it of physical education, physical education, upbringing, sports, sports education).
In reproach of the spinelessness of modern figures from the PV, we recall that the founder of the domestic system of physical education is a man who went all his life against the tide and really passionately proved his views.
He began to give his lectures, displeasing to officials from science, in 1871 in his apartment. And this unchallenged feat of service lasted until official recognition. It took as long as 25 years! Who of the leaders of the collapsing Russian PV system is capable of this?
The scientist was not afraid to go into conflict with the authorities, was at one time even in disgrace, but as a result he won, was recognized, was able to practically prove his views. History has put everything in its place: despite the fact that the university created by Lesgaft in 1909 was closed by the highest command on a far-fetched occasion, Pyotr Frantsevich still managed to build the PV system, which was revived in 1918.
The importance of family education
We proceed to consider the main provisions of the teachings of P.F. Lesgaft. The scientist insisted that the starting point in the debugged system of PV is the social institution of the family. The founder of the domestic system of physical education in his work “Family education of the child and its significance” called for the young growth to be creatively combining two principles: first, providing a certain freedom of action and games, and secondly, prudent management of the actions of children by parents . In this case, you should definitely spare the child’s personality. With this approach, the best qualities of a person are formed: sincerity, responsiveness, curiosity, sensitivity to the environment.
If parents use corporal punishment when raising a child, then, as Lesgaft wrote:
A child who grew up under the constant use of them is a sharp and isolated type, his characteristic features are suspicion, sharpness and angularity of actions, isolation, dull and slow reaction to external impressions, manifestations of petty vanity and sharp antics, alternating with complete apathy.
According to the scientist, a full-fledged home education lays in the child’s personality qualities that further contribute to his proper comprehensive, including PV. Their list is obvious: concentration, persistent overcoming of difficulties, determination, the desire to complete what was started to the end.
The scientific basis of the physical education system
Today, reading the press, which tells about the problems of educating young people, including the physical, you often just wonder. Mostly experts write, and often statesmen give interviews. How, after all, they know how to confuse readers, to hide from them the very essence of the issue, to shift responsibility! At the same time, against the background of this verbiage, it is admirable that P. F. Lesgaft simply and clearly showed the way to resolve this issue.
The key idea of ​​the scientist’s fundamental work, “A Guide to the Physical Education of School Children”, is expressed in an extremely concise form by the following idea:
"To put the child in conditions under which he could freely and harmoniously develop both physically and mentally."
According to the teachings of Lesgaft, physical exercises are a way of multifaceted development of personality: moral, physical, intellectual, aesthetic. At the same time, physical education is effective if it is practiced in parallel with mental. The founder of the scientific system of physical education in Russia considered the daily practice of physical exercises an objective necessity in the school curriculum. Moreover, they should be harmoniously combined with mental activities.
According to Lesgaft, physical education is based on the development of both the body of the trainee and his personality under the influence of specially selected physical exercises, which are gradually becoming more complicated. The scientist assigns an important role in the development of exercises to methods of verbal description and display.
The basics of the physical education system of a Russian scientist involve four main types of exercises:
simple exercises in movements of the head, trunk, limbs and complex exercises with varieties of movements and throwing;
exercises with increasing stresses during motor actions with sticks and weights, when throwing wooden and iron balls, jumping, wrestling, climbing, maintaining balance;
exercises related to the study of spatial and temporal relationships when running at a given pace, jumping a certain distance and throwing at a target;
systematic exercises in the process of simple and complex games, swimming, running on skates and skiing, hiking, on excursions and martial arts.
At the same time, Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft cannot be called a pure theorist of PV, because he practically created a viable and effective system of physical education, and also prepared a teaching staff for it. Lesgaft paid special attention to the training of teachers, personally examining them on human physiology, anatomy, and psychology. The personal qualities of future teachers did not go without his attention: love for children, tact, tactfulness, restraint.
Physical Education Technique
Pyotr Frantsevich can rightly be called the father of the Russian methodology of physical education. He managed to carry out the impressive work of a physiologist, scientist - historian, teacher - methodologist, and, finally, a trainer - the practice of creating it. The contribution to the PV methodology by P.F. Lesgaft is very significant. In particular, the learned teacher developed the classical structure of the lesson.
He proceeded from the fact that the methodological foundations of the physical education system govern the structure and sequence of classes in the field of AF. The latter should consist of an introductory, main and final part. Preparatory contains cyclic, stretching, aerobic exercises. The main one is completed with special exercises that develop certain muscle groups, as well as concentrated dynamic aerobic exercises. The final practice is predominantly stretching exercises.
The founder of the physical education system in Russia emphasized the importance of selecting physical activity. It is advisable that during exercise, the pulse ranged from 110 to 150 beats per minute. Regarding strength exercises, he recommended the alternation of statodynamic and dynamic subspecies.
Lesgaft determined that the complex of exercises practiced for more than three months causes the body to adapt to the loads it offers, while the overall effectiveness of such training decreases. As you train, the exercises themselves must also evolve, increasing the complexity, dynamics and range of motion.
PV as a social institution
Petr Frantsevich Lesgaft, with his characteristic scientific sequence, not only theoretically substantiated and practically laid the foundations for the creation of a state system of PV, but also showed its role and place in society. In particular, he determined the social foundations of this system.
It is no secret that the level of the PV system of a particular country to the greatest extent determines the level of socio-economic development of such a society. We give an example from the history of sports. – , , 1-2 . , 7-8 . – , .
The primary link of the economy (enterprise) is at the same time the main source of financing for the PV system. Successful large enterprises of the Lesgaft era and modern corporations today fill the revenue side of the budget, from which the PV field is financed. In addition, self-supporting non-budgetary sports communities, clubs, are now developing this area.
The founder of the domestic system of physical education in a separate category singled out the legal foundations that regulate the field of PV in legal and by-laws. Despite its specifics, the scientist regarded the sphere of physical education as a social institution regulated normatively.
In the future development of the PV system, Lesgaft foresaw the creation of a nationwide framework - a centralized development of the PV development program to maximize its coverage of children and young people and, as a result, strengthen the health of the entire Russian population.
Thus, the function of the PV is studied by the founder of the physical education system, the basis of which he defined as dialectically interacting factors of various nature,
The main directions of the physical education system
Speaking about the directions of PV, Lesgaft defined its three categories:
- general physical education;
- FV, contributing to the activity according to the chosen profession;
- FV sports orientation.
General physical education represents physical education lessons practiced in schools, secondary and higher educational institutions. The basis of the physical education system are, as already mentioned, economic, legal, methodological factors that determine its effectiveness, intensity, and mass character.
Lesgaft is a pioneer in the introduction of systematic classes in the field of education in domestic educational institutions. The priority objectives of the general PV are:
- physical health promotion;
- improvement of motor capabilities;
- consistent progressive physical development;
- mastering special skills.
The FV category, specializing in various professions, develops the potential for motor activity that they demand. The scientist, the hero of our article, formulated and generalized the foundations of the Russian system of physical education and created the prerequisites for their implementation.
The principles of the physical education system
The scientist perceived the PV system as something structured, non-amorphous, built according to certain principles, each of which is implemented in a characteristic way for him. We list them:
- health-improving orientation (implementation requirements: PV methods are justified and tested, physical exercises are planned individually, teacher and medical supervision are organized);
- comprehensive development of the trainee (implementation requirements: combination of physical and mental development; training in motor skills and the acquisition of relevant knowledge);
- connection with the production and army areas (requirements for implementation: secondary to the socio-economic course of the country).
The founder of the domestic system of physical education emphasized that the above principles are not absolute. They objectively cannot be realized if the political superstructure and the economic basis of the country are antagonistic to the very idea of ​​PV. From this point of view, the personal experience of Pyotr Frantsevich in implementing his ideas is indicative. They, already formed and designed, could not be realized in an unfavorable environment for a quarter of a century.
Democratic, club ideas FV generated Lesgaft. In 1896, he founded courses, transformed nine years later into a higher free school. In 1907, this educational institution was declared unreliable, and it was closed. This once again confirmed the truth: the comprehensive development of the individual disgusts imperial ideology.
An aging scientist suffered the forcible closure of his brainchild, his life died out two years after declaring his life’s life disgraced. However, in 1918, his viable ideas were revived during the creation of the university named after him.
Conclusion
Petr Frantsevich Lesgaft, the founder of the physical education system, was a multifaceted man. Firstly, progressive, his ideas are far ahead of their time. The harmonious pedagogical system of the founder of the Russian PV system was based on the principle of unity of physical and mental development that he identified. It was fueled by a creative generalization of deep medical knowledge, ancient views, permeated with the true spirit of Olympism.
Petr Frantsevich Lesgaft became the founder of the scientific system of physical education in Russia, not least because of his charisma, ability to inspire students and like-minded people. He had the talent to bring together completely different people to solve important problems. His people respected and loved, followed him in all his endeavors.
However, he had both envious people and enemies. Denunciations wrote to him, he was persecuted, and he, as a true citizen, continued to do the work of his life - he served the formation of the Russian PV system.