Over the past 50 years, all branches of science have stepped rapidly forward. But after reading many magazines on the nature of magnetism and gravity, we can conclude that a person has even more questions than there were.
The nature of magnetism and gravity
It is obvious and understandable to everyone that objects thrown up quickly fall to the ground. What attracts them? We can safely assume that they are attracted by some unknown forces. Those same forces got the name - natural gravity. After each interested person is faced with many disputes, conjectures, assumptions and questions. What is the nature of magnetism? What are gravitational waves? What impact do they form? What is their essence and frequency manifested in? How do they affect the environment and each person individually? How rationally can this phenomenon be used for the good of civilization?
The concept of magnetism
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, physicist Oersted Hans Christian discovered the magnetic field of an electric current. This made it possible to assume that the nature of magnetism is closely interconnected with the electric current that forms inside each of the existing atoms. The question arises, what phenomena can explain the nature of terrestrial magnetism?
To date, it has been established that magnetic fields in magnetized objects are generated mainly by electrons, which continuously rotate around their axis and around the nucleus of an existing atom.
It has long been established that the random movement of electrons is a real electric current, and its passage provokes the nucleation of a magnetic field. Summing up this part, we can safely say that electrons, due to their random movement inside atoms, generate intra-atomic currents, which, in turn, contribute to the nucleation of a magnetic field.
But what is the reason for the fact that in different materials the magnetic field has significant differences in its own value, as well as different strengths of magnetization? This is due to the fact that the axes and orbits of the movement of independent electrons in atoms are capable of being in various positions relative to each other. This leads to the fact that the magnetic fields produced by the moving electrons are located in the corresponding positions.
Thus, it should be noted that the medium in which a magnetic field is generated directly affects it, multiplying or weakening the field itself.
Materials whose magnetic field weakens the resulting field are called diamagnetic, and materials that enhance the magnetic field very weakly are called paramagnetic.
Magnetic features of substances
It should be noted that the nature of magnetism arises not only due to electric current, but also by permanent magnets.
Permanent magnets can be made from a small amount of substances on Earth. But it is worth noting that all objects that will be in the radius of the magnetic field will be magnetized and become direct sources of the magnetic field. After analyzing the above, it is worth adding that the vector of magnetic induction in the case of the presence of a substance is different from the vector of vacuum magnetic induction.
Ampere's hypothesis on the nature of magnetism
A causal relationship, which established the relationship between the possession of bodies by magnetic features, was discovered by the prominent French scientist Andre-Marie Ampère. But what is Ampere's hypothesis about the nature of magnetism?
History has begun because of a strong impression of what scientists have seen. He witnessed the studies of Oersted Lmier, who boldly suggested that the reason for the magnetism of the Earth is the currents that regularly pass inside the globe. A fundamental and most significant contribution was made: the magnetic characteristics of bodies could be explained by the continuous circulation of currents in them. After Ampere put forward the following conclusion: the magnetic features of any of the existing bodies are determined by a closed circuit of electric currents flowing inside them. The physicist’s statement was a bold and courageous act, since he crossed out all previous discoveries, explaining the magnetic characteristics of bodies.
Electron movement and electric current
Ampère’s hypothesis states that within each atom and molecule there is an elementary and circulating charge of electric current. It is worth noting that today we already know that the same currents are formed as a result of the random and continuous movement of electrons in atoms. If the negotiated planes are randomly relative to each other due to the thermal movement of the molecules, then their processes are mutually compensated and do not possess any magnetic features. And in a magnetized object, the simplest currents are aimed at ensuring that their actions are coordinated.
Ampère’s hypothesis is able to explain why magnetic arrows and frames with electric current in a magnetic field behave identically to each other. The arrow, in turn, should be considered as a complex of small circuits with current that are directed identically.
A special group of paramagnetic materials in which the magnetic field is significantly enhanced is called ferromagnetic. These materials include iron, nickel, cobalt and gadolinium (and their alloys).
But how to explain the nature of permanent magnet magnetism ? Magnetic fields are formed by ferromagnets not only as a result of the movement of electrons, but also as a result of their own chaotic motion.
The moment of momentum (proper torque) acquired the name - spin. During the entire time of existence, electrons rotate around their axis and, having a charge, generate a magnetic field together with the field formed as a result of their orbital movement near the nuclei.
Temperature Marie Curie
The temperature above which a ferromagnet loses its magnetization has got its specific name - the Curie temperature. After all, it was the French scientist with that name who made this discovery. He came to the conclusion: if the magnetized object is substantially heated, it will lose the ability to attract iron objects to itself.
Ferromagnets and their use
Despite the fact that there are not so many ferromagnetic bodies in the world, their magnetic features have great practical application and significance. The core in the coil, made of iron or steel, repeatedly enhances the magnetic field, while not exceeding the current consumption in the coil. This phenomenon significantly helps to save electricity. Cores are made exclusively from ferromagnets, and it does not matter for what purpose this part will serve.
Magnetic method of recording information
With the help of ferromagnets, first-class magnetic tapes and miniature magnetic films are made. Magnetic tapes are widely used in the fields of sound and video recording.
Magnetic tape is a plastic base consisting of polyvinyl chloride or other components. On top of it, a layer is applied, which is a magnetic lacquer, which consists of many very small needle-like particles of iron or other ferromagnet.
The recording process is carried out on a tape thanks to electromagnets, the magnetic field of which undergoes changes in time due to sound vibrations. As a result of the movement of the tape near the magnetic head, each section of the film is magnetized.
The nature of gravity and its concepts
First of all, it is worth noting that gravity and its forces are enclosed within the law of universal gravitation, which states that: two material points attract each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Modern science began to consider the concepts of gravitational force in a slightly different way and explains it as the action of the gravitational field of the Earth itself, the origin of which, unfortunately, has not yet been established by scientists.
Summing up the above, I want to note that everything in our world is closely interconnected, and there is no significant difference between gravity and magnetism. After all, gravity has the very magnetism, just not to a large extent. On Earth, you can’t take an object from nature - magnetism and gravity are violated, which in the future can significantly complicate the life of civilization. You should reap the benefits of scientific discoveries of great scientists and strive for new achievements, but use all given should be rational, without harming nature and humanity.