Stages and design stages: norms, principles and requirements

At the moment, there are several stages of design, or more precisely, two. They are designated as PD and RD, and are deciphered as design and working documentation. If we compare by value, then it is distributed as a percentage: 40% and 60%. At that moment, when PD is present at the design stage, it is mainly used for submission to architectural bodies. You can also get permission for construction work, undergo examination and much more. The working documentation of the taxiway is created at the stage when they begin installation work. Based on them, you can create a package of documents for the tender or make an estimate.

PD stage characteristic

Design documentation should be developed in accordance with GOST; a number of requirements are presented to it that are related to design and development. All ideas that arise during the work on the project should be displayed on the drawings. All projects are implemented by engineers, who further group all the developments and combine them into one whole.

Work at the design stage of the design documentation should be coordinated in the general data with the exception of the drawings. At that moment, as the customer submits an application for the work, it is not necessary to develop the whole complex, you can only work on what is required at a particular moment in time.

All project documentation should be completed in volumes that are defined at the legislative level. There are a total of 12 volumes. They contain all the information, from the design of explanatory notes and ending with construction estimates and other documentation that is prescribed by law. From the entire series, information for 5 volumes, which includes several editions, is described in more detail. Books contain detailed information about equipment for engineers.

At the stage of design and configuration of PD takes a lot of time and effort. Since it is she who is the main one when developing the future structure. Documentation should be handled by qualified professionals with experience.

Description of the stage of taxiway

After the project documentation has been approved, it is worth moving on to full detail, paying attention to all the little things and nuances. This function is performed at the stage of working documentation.

All documentation is executed in accordance with GOST. RD includes the development of documents for installation work. Working documents consist mainly of drawings, which are combined depending on the purpose. Based on the submitted documents, a work schedule, estimates and other documentation are compiled that the developer will need in the process of performing the work. The number of drawings can be any, but they should be considered as a whole. All drawings are numbered and signed in advance by the specialist who is responsible for their development.

What are the stages in the construction process?

In 2008, a regulation entered into force on the basis of which no design stages are provided for in construction. Instead of stages, working and design documents were introduced: PD and RD. But, despite this, there is an option when both types of documentation are developed simultaneously. In this case, we can talk about design, carried out in one stage. If the working documents are executed after the project has already been approved, then we can talk about two stages of design in construction.

In two stages, projects for large facilities are developed. The first step is to develop a project and only after that the drawings. Small projects can be developed in one step. But in this case, it is worth considering that the structure should be typical and not cause special difficulties.

Design stages

At the moment when the customer needs to develop a project, when contacting the company, you need to know which stage is required. For the lightest projects, one-stage design and development activities are foreseen. For difficult work, there may be two. Particularly complex projects often involve the use of three phases.

For example, if you are developing a project for the electrical supply of a residential building, then you need one stage, if the building is an administrative building, two, for plants and large supermarkets there can be three. The cost of developing each stage can vary greatly and completely depends on the state level of prices that are set for construction work.

The main stages of design include:

1. Feasibility study - technical and economic justification.
2. FER - technical and economic calculations.
3. EP - sketch of projects
4. P - project.
5. RP is a working draft.
6. P - working documents.

Characterization of stages in the design process

• Feasibility study and fuel and energy resources. Developed by order of the customer. Designed for facilities that have a production, transport or engineering purpose and need to make an informed decision on the construction work. Fuel and energy resources are used for simple objects with a production purpose. If compared with the feasibility study, the work is done in a short time.
• EP. Development is carried out on the basis of an order, when the customer needs to determine a number of requirements for an architectural, town-planning or other object. To justify the decision, it is necessary to make calculations for all design decisions, as well as estimates and engineering schemes for the facility.
• P. The project begins to be developed based on the building, initial data and approval of the project, which is carried out in three stages. Information in the project is presented clearly and concisely.

• RP. This stage of designing documentation is suitable for simple objects and for those structures that are planned to be reused. The RP mainly consists of several parts, which include approved and working documents.
• R. Development is carried out according to the approved data at the previous stage. After the project is approved by the customer, working documents begin to be developed by the project author or other designer. Another designer can start work only if the copyright for the project is respected.

What stages are designed for object design?

The stages of designing objects are distinguished depending on the level of complexity. There are 5 species in total:

1. Objects that have the 1st and 2nd category of complexity are performed:

• in one stage with the help of a working draft;
• in two steps with a draft sketch.

2. Objects having the 3rd category of complexity are carried out in two stages: the project and the working documentation.

3. For objects with categories 4 and 5, three stages are provided:

• EA for non-production buildings and feasibility studies;
• design development;
• work documents.

One-step design

At that moment, when one stage of designing a technical object is provided, decisions are made jointly with the process of creating working documents. All results that will be achieved in the process of implementation of work should be reflected in the working draft. Along with this work, all other issues should be resolved.

For approval, the information part in the project that is especially significant is suitable. Documents requiring approval are sent to expert companies, where they will be agreed. The necessary drawings for the work must be prepared before the moment when the result comes from the expert company.

This scheme has several advantages. For example, the time allotted for design work is reduced several times, which makes it possible to almost halve the cost of the work provided. But one cannot exclude in this case the fact that the project may require some adjustments. Therefore, this scheme is more appropriate to use at those moments when the designed buildings are typical or re-built.

Two-stage design

There are also two stages of the design process. All work in this case can be divided into two stages. The first one develops solutions for a future project, and the second one forms all working documents. When developing a project, general issues are considered and resolved. After a set of all documents for the project is formed, it is sent for examination, which is carried out by state or non-state structures. If experts receive any recommendations related to making adjustments, then the project will be amended based on this.

As soon as the experts agree on the project and make the necessary amendments, we can begin to develop the drawings necessary for the work. They will be used in the future for installation work. If the project is complex, then before developing solutions for the project, a preliminary design decision is drawn up. This method allows you to avoid repeated changes to the drawings, it guarantees a high quality project that meets all the requirements, documents and technical specifications.

What do the project documents consist of?

Consider the design stage and the composition of the design documentation. With the stages in this case, everything is clear, they were mentioned above. Their main difference lies in the sequence of decisions made. The composition of the documents depends on how many stages were used in the process. The entire composition of project documents is approved at the legislative level. In total, 11 main sections are distinguished:

1. Registration of an explanatory note. In this case, a document is presented that describes and explains all the decisions made in the process.
2. To compile a plot of land that is allocated for construction work, the master plan is used.
3. In order to visually see the future building and understand how it will be arranged and continue to function, an architectural solution is used.
4. All load-bearing walls of the building must be worked out, for this, constructive solutions are provided.
5. Also, the package with documents should include information about communication systems: gas pipeline, water supply system, sewage system, ventilation system, electricity.
6. Construction work should also be organized sequentially at the construction site.
7. Do not forget about the installation and dismantling works, which also require organization.
8. It is worth considering the activities that are responsible for the preservation of the environment during the work. There is a requirement - compliance of the building with fire safety.
9. Any building should be provided for all categories of citizens, including those with disabilities.
10. In the process of implementing the work, measures should be taken that are aimed at increasing energy efficiency.
11. At the legislative level, other documentation is provided, which requires coordination and approval with regulatory authorities and the customer.

Predesign documents

Stages and design stages are also found in pre-project documents, which are the primary documentation that reflects complex solutions using sketches and models developed in special programs. At this stage, the following issues are considered and resolved:

1. The location scheme of the future building on that piece of land that is allocated for construction is revealed.
2. Technical and economic calculations are carried out, which are necessary in order to make the project more attractive for the planned investors.
3. The building should fit into the architecture of the area, for which the corresponding project is also considered and drawn up.
4. Do not forget about the functionality of the future building, which should be convenient for all visitors.

Design stage

The design stage project is considered the most critical and time-consuming stage. At this stage, the safety of all structures that are being erected during construction works is ensured. The developed project complies with all established standards and requirements that are prescribed in regulatory documents. In the design process, a thorough check of the nodes is not provided. All documents included in the project consist of two sections, which include text and graphic documents.

The text section contains information on all technical decisions that were made during the design process. Explanations and relevant links to documents, calculations that will be needed to carry out further work are also attached.

The graphic part includes all drawings, diagrams, plans and models developed through special programs. Decisions within the framework of the project must be subject to expert evaluation to identify shortcomings and further adjustments. After the project has been reviewed by experts and a positive decision has been made regarding it, you can proceed to the next stage of development. The documentation that was approved at the design stage is subsequently used to create drawings and estimates.

Stage, which includes working documents

Detailed design documentation at the design stage is developed in the most thorough manner. This is due to the fact that in its framework the following documents are developed:

1. Drawings for the future building, which must be numbered and signed, which makes it easier to work in the future, when the individual drawings will be combined into a single whole.
2. Drawing up budget documents.
3. Description of the characteristics of the equipment that will be required during the work at the construction site.
4. A statement in which there is a list of all the necessary material for the construction of a future building.
5. Statement, which includes the volume of construction and installation works.
6. Other documents that will be needed in carrying out the work are also attached to the general package of documents.

Working documentation is used at the sites by construction and installation teams. Drawings may be needed for presentation to professionals who oversee technical and copyright compliance. The composition of working documents is determined depending on the type of facility on which the work is planned, what is made of the appropriate note when concluding an agreement with designers. All working drawings must strictly comply with the standards established by a special system. All designed documents that will be used in the work, as well as construction work must be carried out strictly in accordance with GOST.

A number of requirements for a construction site

Requirements in the process of work are presented not only to the design stage, composition and content. The site, which is intended for construction, must also correspond to them:

1. The area intended for construction work must have such dimensions and configuration that contribute to the location of the structure in such a way that it meets all the requirements during operation.
2. The allocated plot of land, as well as the adjacent territory should have a convenient relief. This is necessary in order to provide the most convenient working conditions. Underwater should not be underwater.
3. The soil under the construction site must comply with the established standards and requirements, the load must be within the permissible level. These requirements should be observed not only at the time of installation of the foundation of the future building, but also when installing working equipment.
4. The construction and design stages are in accordance with legislative standards. It is strictly forbidden to begin construction in those places where they have found or are just planning work to find minerals. This item may include places that may collapse.
5. At the beginning of construction, there should be a water supply or other source of water nearby.

If the construction of a future facility is planned within the city, then the work should be carried out on the leeward side in relation to residential complexes.

The technical design of all stages of work should be agreed with the customer, who bears full responsibility for this, as well as for the selection of a plot of land for construction. The customer together with the design organization must:

1. Get from the organization that is interested in the work, an agreement on the connection of the designed project to the electric network.
2. Develop all the necessary documents and materials, including calculations, and then select the optimal solution.
3. In advance it is necessary to calculate the damage that can be caused when using a plot of land for construction.
4. Carry out the necessary engineering research.

In order to select the necessary land, the customer must create a commission. It should include a representative from the customer, members of the local administration, general designer, representative of state supervision.