The yield of cabbage from 1 ha. Factors Affecting Cabbage Yield

Cabbage, the homeland of which is considered the Mediterranean regions of North Africa and Western Europe, began to grow and eat as early as the 1st century. BC e. She migrated to Russia from the regions of Transbaikalia and the Caucasus. The cold-resistant and moisture-loving vegetable perfectly suited the climatic conditions of our country. In Russia, cabbage has always been considered the main vegetable, and still it has exceptional food value. Dishes from it are found in every national cuisine - these are soups, casseroles, stuffed cabbage, meatballs, rolls, solyanka, stews and delicious cakes with filling. What should be the yield of cabbage from 1 hectare so that it is enough for everything?

A little about cabbage

Cabbage belongs to the genus cruciferous (cabbage) family. It has about 100 different species, which include rutabaga, rapeseed, turnip, mustard, turnip. Greco-Roman immigrants brought cabbage to Russia in the 9th century, and Russian people quickly liked it. By the XII century, this culture was cultivated throughout the territory of our country. This vegetable has become one of the staple foods after potatoes. There are more than 100 types of cabbage - kohlrabi, Savoy, Beijing, fodder, cauliflower, but cabbage is most widely used.

It has excellent taste qualities, contains many useful substances: protein, rare vitamins U and K, is a source of B and C vitamins, which is stored until spring, contains a lot of fiber and all the necessary minerals. This vegetable occupies more than 30% of all areas allocated for vegetable crops and Russia can rightfully be considered the second homeland of cabbage.

Preparing cabbage seeds for planting

The future yield of white cabbage depends on proper planting, and the quality of seedlings on seed preparation. According to the recommendations of specialists before landing, it is necessary:

• Select all low-quality seeds from the bag.
• Sanitize. To do this, take two enameled pans: large and small. In the first, heat the water to 55, and in the second - to 45 degrees. In a small pan, dip the seeds in the canvas, put it in a large one, and hold for a quarter of an hour. Then remove the seeds of white cabbage and for a minute lower them in cold water.
• If the soil is infected with a keel, then for disinfection it is necessary: ​​dissolve one teaspoon of nitrophoska in a liter of water and withstand the seeds in the prepared solution for 10 hours, then rinse under running water.
• For hardening, planting material should be put in the refrigerator for a day.

After preparation, the seeds are dried and planted in open ground or a greenhouse for growing seedlings.

The sproutless way of growing cabbage

This method of growing cabbage is used in the Far East and the Central Black Earth zone. The soil is prepared in advance, it is plowed up, freeing from weeds, and well fertilized. Seeds are sown directly into the ground, germinating, they form a strong root system, increasing their resistance to lack of moisture. For seedling-free cabbage cultivation technology, planting material is sown early in the spring in soil moistened with moisture after winter. In industrial cultivation, for planting, seeds are mixed with superphosphate granules. This makes sowing even and at the same time beneficially influences the growth of the root system. On auxiliary sites, seeds are planted manually:

• 5-6 pieces are lowered into each well;
• between the rows make a distance of 60 cm;
• planting depth 2–4 cm;
• the top is mulched with sawdust or humus;
• after the appearance of the second and third true leaves, two plants are left in the hole;
• with repeated thinning - one;
• Remote seedlings are planted in places where the seeds did not germinate.

For growth and development, sprouts of cabbage are watered daily, and on hot days twice a day. To increase the yield of white cabbage, two top dressings are carried out: during the growth of leaves and the formation of heads of cabbage. The first top dressing is done with nitrogen fertilizers two weeks after thinning. The second - slurry with the addition of ash. Weeding and loosening of the soil is carried out as necessary.

Growing cabbage through seedlings

To grow cabbage seedling method, you must perform:

• soil cultivation and fertilizing;
• growing seedlings;
• planting of finished plants in open ground;
• seedling care - loosening the soil, hilling plants, watering, top dressing, systematic weeding, combating diseases and pests;
• harvesting;
• bookmark cabbage for storage.

Features of growing cabbage: soil preparation and fertilizer

Soil preparation for cabbage begins in the fall. They dig it to a depth of 20 cm and leave it unarmed to eliminate weeds, loosen the soil, and increase the supply of nutrients and moisture. In the spring, the plot is again dug up, and just before planting the seedlings are cultivated 15 cm deep. The future cabbage harvest depends on the depth of plowing and the time of its cultivation. The more the soil is loosened and cultivated earlier, the better the seedlings will take root, the more moisture will remain. For the normal development of cabbage, phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are necessary. The basis of it is organic matter and additionally, depending on the type of soil, mineral complexes contribute. It should be noted that cabbage does not like acidic soils; therefore, lime is added to them every 3-4 years to significantly increase cabbage yield from 1 ha.

Growing seedlings

Seeds prepared in advance are planted in boxes with soil. To do this, make grooves with a depth of 1 cm at a distance of 3 cm from each other, sow seeds after 1–2 cm and sprinkle with earth. The container is placed in a bright, warm place until emergence. After germination, the temperature is lowered to 6-10 degrees per week, and then maintained at room temperature. Two weeks later, with the appearance of the first leaves, a pick is carried out. Before this, the sprouts are abundantly watered so as not to damage the roots and transplanted into cassettes or a separate container. In this form, it grows until 5-7 full leaves appear, after which it is planted in open ground.

Transplanting

Cabbage is a vegetable that is planted by the very first crop in a crop rotation. Every year it should be located on a different site than in the previous season. They will return to the same area again after 3-4 years. Good precursors for cabbage are legumes, onions, tomatoes, carrots, tomatoes.

You should not plant cabbage after radishes, rutabaga and turnips, which are affected by the same pests and diseases as cabbage. In open ground, seedlings are planted in May, depending on weather conditions, with cloudy weather or in the evening. For this:

• Only healthy and strong plants are selected - this will be one of the positive factors affecting the yield of cabbage.
• Mark the area - the distance between plants and rows should be about 60 cm.
• They make holes in which they put a scoop of humus, a tablespoon of ash and a teaspoon of superphosphate, all mix.
• Wells are watered with a weak solution of potassium permanganate.
• Seedlings are planted and watered abundantly with water.

After landing care

Planted cabbage seedlings in open ground require constant care. For this it is necessary to produce:

• Watering. Cabbage is a vegetable that responds well to moisture. It is watered in the first half of summer in 2–4 days, then this procedure is reduced to once a week.

• Top dressing. Periodic fertilizing helps to restore nutrients in the soil. The first feeding is carried out three weeks after planting, the second - two weeks after the first, and the third - one month after the first. Mineral and organic fertilizers are used for top dressing. Chicken droppings and slurry diluted with water are well suited.
• Pests. To combat pests, folk remedies are used; tobacco dust, wood ash, tomato tops, onion husks. Ready-made chemicals are better not to use, so as not to harm.

The productivity of cabbage from 1 ha largely depends on proper care, under favorable conditions, you can collect up to 65 tons.

Pest control

Often when growing cabbage, you have to fight pests. And if the conditions of the plant are violated, then the insects attack it all season. To prevent diseases and insect infestations, you must:

• do not thicken the landing;
• observe crop rotation;
• prepare the soil in the fall;
• regularly feed;
• water in a timely manner;
• get rid of weeds and spud.

If pests appear, immediately start a fight with them:

• Cabbage fly - appears in late May. The larvae damage the root neck of the plant, the lower leaves wilt. To destroy use a solution of iodine with water: 15 drops per bucket. For prevention, pollination is used with a mixture of tobacco dust, ash and slaked lime.
• Slugs - attack cabbage in rainy weather. To control pests, aisles are mulched with fresh nettles and sprinkled on the ground with a mixture of slaked lime and red ground pepper.
• Cruciferous fleas - feed on cabbage leaves and cause great harm to seedlings. For prevention, an earlier planting of seedlings, abundant watering and feeding of slurry is recommended. When insects appear, plants are dusted with tobacco dust and wood ash, and they are also used to spray fresh dandelions, potato tops or wormwood to spray. Take 500 g of crushed grass in a bucket of water, insist, add 50 g of grated soap.

During a massive summer of insects, cover material is pulled over the cabbage plantings. It reliably protects from pests.

The best varieties of cabbage for salting and storage

Of the variety of varieties of white cabbage for storage for the winter and pickling, the following are considered the best:

• Gift - used for pickling and pickling, fresh stored for up to five months. The head color is white to green inside, weight is 2–5 kg.
• Glory-1305 - recognized as a classic variety for pickling, has an average ripening period, heads of cabbage weighing up to 4 kg.
• Belorusskaya is one of the popular pickling varieties, the weight of a head is about 3 kg, which is stored for a long time.
• Dobrovodsky is a universal variety. It has excellent keeping quality, retaining its properties until spring and is good in fermented form.
• Menza is a fruitful hybrid. The weight of a cabbage reaches an average of 9 kg, can lie until spring, after which it is used for salting.
• Kharkov winter - for pickling is considered one of the best varieties. It has a high yield, good taste, lies up to six months. Dense heads of cabbage have increased frost resistance. The variety tolerates heat and drought well.
• Crumont - not suitable for salting, it lies well all winter and is recommended for fresh use. The variety is resistant to fungal diseases. The mass of the head reaches 2 kg. Ripening period is late, friendly crop formation, heads of cabbage are resistant to cracking.
• Amager 611 - has an amazing keeping quality and persists until a new crop. Heads of cabbage are dense with a bitter aftertaste in the fall, which disappears in the winter, weighing 2.5 to 4 kg. The cabbage variety has increased cold resistance, so it is planted in the soil in the early stages.

From this list, gardeners can choose the best varieties of cabbage for pickling and storage for their summer cottage.

Dressing cabbage

Fertilizing culture is a very important event. How often to top dress? It depends on soil fertility. In the season they are carried out from 2 to 4 times:

• The first is carried out after 2-3 weeks from the moment of transplanting. When forming a bush, the plant needs nitrogen fertilizer. Take one part of chicken droppings or rotted manure and breed 20 or 15 parts of water. Half a liter of solution is poured under the plant. With well-fertilized soil and the addition of humus during planting, top dressing is not carried out.
• The second - thirty days after the first. Prepare the same solution as for the first feeding and add a complex of mineral fertilizers.
• The third is done when heading out. Nettle infusion is being prepared. The crushed grass is poured with water, insisted for five days, bred in equal parts and watered.
• Fourth - they use mineral fertilizers and are used for late-ripening varieties.

How to increase the yield of cabbage in the open ground?

Almost every summer resident on his plot grows cabbage, but not everyone succeeds in collecting a rich harvest. Experts advise to consider the following factors to increase productivity:

• Variety selection - mid-early and mid-ripening varieties are used for harvesting for the winter. The mass of heads of cabbage from 2 kg. Some varieties may crack, so they must not be overexposed in the garden.
• The quality of seedlings is best grown independently and at the right time.
• Seedlings are about 60 days old at the time of planting.
• Purity from diseases - a plant infected with a keel and a black leg will grow, but it will not yield a crop.
• Illumination - cabbage does not tolerate shading. A tight or, conversely, sparse landing leads to a decrease in yield
• Soil structure - moderate density, good breathability.
• Acidity - liming is necessary; acidified soil is an enemy for cabbage.
• Fertilizing - requires potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen. Feed several times a season.
• Irrigation - mandatory soil moisture, in the summer months - enhanced irrigation.
• Pest protection - the destruction of harmful insects will significantly increase the yield.
• Hilling vegetables - contributes to the emergence of new roots.

Given all these factors, you can get a record cabbage yield from 1 ha, amounting to 130 tons.

Instead of a conclusion

White cabbage is a cold-resistant, moisture- and photophilous, plant demanding soil fertility. Depending on the variety and growing conditions, the weight of the head sometimes reaches up to 15 kg. The most optimal temperature for growing 13-18 degrees of heat. Adult plants tolerate small frosts, but high temperatures inhibit them. To obtain a generous crop, fertilizing is mandatory, consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Although the price of cabbage in the trading network is low (in Russia on average it is 19 rubles per kilogram), but many grow it on their own in household plots and cottages. Use it for pickling or lay it in storage and use it fresh in winter. After all, cabbage is a real source of vitamins and minerals that are stored in it until a new crop.