Means of expressiveness are techniques that make literature more emotional, and oral speech richer and more colorful. They study these art paths at school, but the program does not provide a complete understanding of why they are needed and how they work. Among the most famous and easy to remember tools include anaphora. This is a classic stylistic device, which is most often found in lyrical literary works and poetry.
What is anaphora
In another way, this means of artistic expression is called one-man management. It consists in various kinds of repetitions at the beginning of parts of a work, usually hemistichs, verses or paragraphs.
The definition of what anaphora in literature is, given in the Dictionary of literary terms by N. I. Ryabkova, sounds like this:
A stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of the initial parts (sound, words, phrases, sentences) of two or more independent segments of speech.
Anaphora Functions
Typically, examples of anaphora from fiction can be found in poems, ditties, poems, songs, and other works. It is to this literary family - poetry - that expression, emphasis on the feelings and experiences of the lyrical hero is characteristic. The image of the inner world occurs through linguistic means. Anafora in the literature serves to enhance the emotional component of the narrative and introduces an element of liveliness and energy into it. For example, in the poem by A. S. Pushkin "Cloud":
The last cloud of the scattered storm!
One you rush through clear azure
You alone make a dull shadow
You alone grieve a jubilant day.
In this work, intonational and contextual stress falls on the word "one" due to its repetition, which indicates the state of the inner world of the lyrical hero. In this poem, the semantic emphasis is placed on the fact that the cloud is the only negative factor, which gives the verse an expressively accusatory color.
Examples of anaphora from literature and not only
Anaphora is a means of artistic expressiveness, so it is much less common in popular science literature or official documents, like any other means of expressiveness. Moreover, this technique has too much emotional coloring, unacceptable for some styles. Examples of anaphora can be drawn from literature, including both poetry and prose, or from public speeches or letters.
For example, anaphora was used in the speech of V.V. Putin to give solemnity, persuasiveness and penetration to his words:
It is necessary to continue with you the ongoing transformation. That in every city, in every village, on every street, in every house and in the life of every Russian person, changes for the better take place.
To observe how the emotional color changes, you can remove it from this passage: "... for the better in every city, village, on the street, in the house and in the life of a Russian person." Without lexical repetition, this enumeration loses its expressive “weight” and accent.
An example of anaphora in prose is present, for example, in an article by academician D. S. Likhachev:
If a man on the street lets an unfamiliar woman pass ahead (even on the bus!) And even opens the door for her, and at home does not help a tired wife to wash the dishes, he is an ill-mannered man. If he is polite with acquaintances, and annoyed with family at every occasion, he is an ill-mannered person. If he does not take into account the character, psychology, habits and desires of his loved ones, he is an ill-mannered person. If, already in his adult state, he takes for granted the help of his parents and does not notice that they themselves already need help, he is an ill-mannered person.
Here, too, there is a strengthening of the enumeration, emphasis on the importance of each individual example considered in the passage. Thus, the situations that the author mentions become not part of a single semantic construct, but different passages with their own contextual energy, which forces the reader to pay special attention to each of them, and not all together at once.
The largest number of examples of unanimity contains poetry. It is in the lyrics that expression comes to the place more often than in other literary genera. Anaphora example in the poem by A.S. Pushkin:
I swear even and odd
I swear by the sword and the right battle ...
In a specific example, anaphora is expressed by the verb "I swear." By itself, it carries a solemn connotation, while repetition strengthens it.
Types of Anaphora
Anafora happens:
- sound;
- lexical;
- syntactic;
- morphemic;
- rhythmic.
Sound anaphora in literature is a repetition of a sound or a group of sounds at the beginning of a paragraph, if it is prose, or a poem, if it is a poem, for example, in Alexander Blok’s work “Oh, spring! Without end and without edge ...”:
Oh spring without end and without edge
Without end and without edge dream!
I recognize you, life! I accept!
And I greet with the ringing of the shield!
The paired sounds [h] - [c] associated with the light spring breeze are repeated, which corresponds to the idea and context of the poem.
Lexical anaphora is a repetition of a lexical unit, a whole word or particle. This species is the most common and is most easily recognized by the reader. For example, in a poem by Sergei Yesenin:
The winds did not blow in vain
There was a thunderstorm in vain ...
Syntactic is a special case of lexical anaphora when whole syntactic constructions are repeated, for example sentences or parts of sentences, as in the poem by Athanasius Fet:
Only in the world is that shady
Dormant Maples Tent,
Only in the world is there that radiant
Children's pensive gaze.
Morphemic anaphora in literature implies the repetition of any part of the word - morphemes, for example, by M. Yu. Lermontov:
Black-eyed girl
Black Maned Horse ...
In this case, the root "black" is repeated, combining the "damsel" and "horse" in features.
A rhythmic anaphora is when a rhythmic pattern is repeated at the beginning of a verse or stanza. A striking example of this in the work of Nikolai Gumilyov:
Enchant Queen
Immense Russia.
This kind of anaphora is used only in poetry, as there is no rhythm in prose.
Anafora in English
Edinamodyachie is a universal stylistic device and is used not only in Russia. Anafora in literature in other languages is also often found, especially in songs, and has the same functions as in Russian.
My heart's in the Highlands,
My heart is not here,
My heart's in the Highlands,
A chasing the dear.
This passage uses a lexical view.
Winston Churchill himself did not neglect this technique, actively using it in his speeches and speeches. It was also used by Martin Luther King in his famous speech "I have a dream."