Houses are buildings that are intended primarily for human habitation. Only sometimes in such buildings additionally, most often on the ground floor, shops, hairdressers or some other similar establishments can be placed.
In Russia, as in most other countries of the world, the main types of residential buildings are suburban private houses and high-rise buildings of large settlements. Constructions of buildings of both of these types, in turn, can also be different.
Types of country houses
Such structures are usually very small. Most often these are single-storey houses of a small area. Also in this group are two-, three- and four-story cottages. This type of building can be classified by:
Classification by type of material used in the construction
In this regard, there are two types of country houses:
The category of lungs includes those whose weight is less than the tangential forces of heaving in those areas on which they are built. Typically, this category includes buildings erected from wood: chopped, paving, shield.
The weight of heavy houses in this case exceeds the heaving forces on the site. This group includes buildings erected from concrete, brick, stone, etc. Actually, in terms of layout, architecture and construction, wooden houses are usually not much different from stone.
Differences in Architectural Features
On suburban areas can be built at home of very different layouts. However, all such buildings in terms of architecture can be divided into two large categories:
On the box of houses of the first type, low roofs with cold attics are erected. Such buildings can have any number of storeys. What unites them in the first place is the cold attic, used exclusively for household purposes.
Attic country houses can also have 1-4 floors. However, the attic of such buildings is always insulated and can be used to equip residential premises. The construction of houses of this type is cheaper for their owners than ordinary. However, living on the attic floor, of course, is somewhat less convenient than on a full floor.
The roof structure of suburban houses (both varieties) can be any. But most often the attics are arranged under the roofs of four-sloped, hip or two-sloped broken ones. Ordinary houses with cold attics in most cases are built with gable or even gable roofs.
Differences in purpose
Suburban low-rise buildings can be used for different purposes. By purpose, such houses are classified into:
country houses;
cottages;
mansions;
eco-house;
villas;
residences.
Country houses - the most simple and inexpensive type of country house. Such buildings are used by their owners usually only in the summer season. The design of the house of this variety are extremely simple.
Cottages, also often erected in suburban areas, are residential buildings. Such facilities are operated year-round. They are also usually equipped with the necessary communications for a comfortable stay of residents - sewage, a hot water supply system and a cold water supply system, and a heating network.
Mansions are, in fact, the same cottages, but only more expensive. Such buildings have several levels, and their construction is carried out according to individual projects.
Villas are also very expensive country houses. They are distinguished from mansions by the fact that they are usually located on the seashore and have, accordingly, marine design.
Ecohomes are an innovative type of building built in areas with unpolluted nature. The materials used in the construction of such structures are also exclusively environmentally friendly.
Residences are the most elite type of country houses. Very wealthy people live in such buildings. Residences are, in fact, a whole complex of structures with a huge number of residential and utility rooms.
Classification by number of storeys
The design of suburban residential buildings may thus be different. At the same time, such buildings can vary in height. Country houses, for example, in most cases have only one floor. Also on the territory of our country, one-story residential buildings are quite common.
Recently, many Russians are building themselves and cottages on several floors - in 2-4. Such houses are considered somewhat less convenient for living. After all, their owners often have to walk up the stairs. But less land is used for the construction of such houses. At the same time, the owners of the cottage in the 2-4 floors do not have to spend too much on the construction of the foundation.
Elements of a country house
What types of houses by construction are being built in Russia outside the city, we have thus found out. Low-rise private buildings in our country can be built from different materials, have different floors, area and weight.
However, most types of such houses, with the exception of mansions, villas and residences, usually have a very simple architecture. The main elements of individual residential buildings being built outside the city are:
foundation - the foundation of the building, on which all its structures are based;
blind area - a tape constructed of materials with waterproofing properties around the perimeter of the house, designed to protect the foundation from rain and flood waters;
floors - the lowest floor that separates the foundation and basement from the floors of the house;
walls - vertical building envelopes, which in turn can be external, internal, loaded and unloaded;
partitions - vertical elements separating the premises of the house;
interfloor ceilings - horizontal structures that separate the levels of the house;
roof of the house - a structure designed to protect the interior of the building from rain.
Sometimes balconies and loggias may also be included in the construction of a suburban building.
Types of apartment buildings
Such residential buildings are being erected in cities and large towns. Sometimes they can also be seen in very large villages. They are houses of this type of building above one floor, with a large number of apartments equipped inside them.
Structures of this type can be classified:
Classification by architecture and layout
In this regard, the following types of multi-storey buildings are distinguished:
Stalinist;
Khrushchevsky;
Brezhnevsky;
new buildings.
Stalin's houses were built in the USSR since the 20s of the last century. Buildings of this type are usually located in the center of the village, and housing is expensive. The construction of houses erected during the years of Stalin's rule allows you to equip apartments with very high ceilings inside them. The walls in the dwellings in such buildings are very thick. Moreover, the apartments have a large area and good lighting. The rooms in the Stalinist buildings are in most cases isolated.
Khrushchev’s houses were built in our country from 1956 to 1985. At first they were built of brick. However, in the 60s this material was replaced by a more economical one - concrete blocks and reinforced concrete panels. By design, brick houses of this type are no different from panel or block. Ceilings in apartments in such buildings are much lower than in stalinkas. Rooms in Khrushchev and small area differ. Bathrooms in such buildings are usually combined, while kitchens and balconies are small.
A distinctive feature of the Brezhnev houses is a large number of floors. Residential urban buildings of this type were built in the USSR from 1965 to 1980. By design, apartment buildings of this type are similar to Khrushchev. But apartments in such high-rise buildings are somewhat more convenient for living. Also in Brezhnevka there is usually an elevator. Dwellings are equipped with a shared bathroom. Also, houses of this type differ from Khrushchevs in that the rooms in the apartments here are usually isolated.
New buildings in Russia began to be built from the end of the last century. Apartments in such houses can have a very different atypical layout. New buildings differ from Khrushchev’s and Brezhnevka buildings by their greater wall thickness. Balconies in such houses are usually also small. However, the living rooms and kitchens themselves here have a significant area.
Types of houses by design: wall material
Multi-storey city buildings can be built from different materials. Sometimes such houses can even be shield, chopped or block-shaped. But such building materials are usually used only for the construction of low apartment buildings in 2-3 floors.
In most cases, of course, urban high-rise buildings are stone structures erected from heavy elements. Most often, reinforced concrete slabs or bricks are used to build such houses. Also, sometimes concrete blocks are used to erect buildings of this type. In some cases, urban high-rise buildings can also be monolithic.
The most convenient multi-apartment buildings for living are considered to be made of brick. Bearing structures of houses of this type are durable, reliable and have a long service life. The advantages of such buildings also include the high heat capacity of the walls. In addition, the walls in such houses are characterized by a high degree of sound insulation.
Panel houses are somewhat inferior in performance to brick houses. Such buildings are being constructed from ready-made reinforced concrete slabs. The construction of houses of this type is simple. At the same time, they are built quickly. Accordingly, apartments here are inexpensive. Sound and heat insulation of such buildings is not too good.
The advantage of monolithic houses is primarily considered the speed of construction. The walls of buildings of this type are poured directly on the spot. The operational characteristics of such houses are slightly better than that of panel houses, and worse than that of brick houses.
Block buildings are erected from large concrete blocks. The walls of these houses are often quite thick. Sound and heat insulation of buildings of this type is almost the same as that of brick.
Series of houses
Apartments in multi-storey buildings can vary significantly in layout. For example, brick residential city buildings can belong to the series K-7, 1-335, 1-515 (Khrushchev), Tishinskaya tower, Smirnovskaya tower (Brezhnevka), 1-225, 1-414 (Stalin), P-3M, 2-29 (new buildings).
In houses of different series, apartments of a certain layout are equipped. At the same time, dwellings can vary in area, size of kitchen, loggia, corridors, number of storage rooms, etc. In some series of houses, bathrooms are combined, in others - a bathtub and a lavatory are separate rooms. The premises in the apartments may be isolated or walk-through.
Classification of multi-storey buildings according to the layout
Layout of apartment buildings, thus, may be different. The same goes for the material used to build the walls. However, the actual construction of houses made of bricks, blocks, panels or monolithic can mainly be only:
sectional;
corridor;
gallery.
Sectional houses
The most common type of multi-storey buildings in Russia today are sectional. Apartments in houses of this type are placed on the floor. Their location is connected with the vertical elements of the building: elevator shafts, stairs. Typically, the doors of four apartments go to one landing in such buildings.
Gallery and corridor houses
The design of residential buildings of gallery or corridor type is such that inside such buildings have a horizontal layout. In high-rise buildings of the first type, apartments are located along the walls of long corridors equipped on each floor. In the gallery houses, the apartments are, respectively, along the galleries.
Sometimes in large settlements, mixed-type residential buildings can also be erected. By design, multi-storey buildings of this variety differ from those described above. Most often, in these buildings two-level apartments are equipped. At the same time, the entrance to the living quarters in houses of this type can be equipped from the street or from the corridor. In the latter case, the corridors in the building are arranged across the floor.
Types of houses by number of storeys
In this regard, there are four types of urban high-rise buildings. Residential houses can be built on the territory of our country:
- average storeys - 2-5 floors;
- increased - 6-10 floors;
- multi-storey - 10-29;
- high-rise - from 30 to 100 floors or more.
In the event of a fire, people are evacuated from the buildings of the first three types, according to the rules, by special stairs. In high-rise buildings, for this purpose, in addition to stairs, elevators of a special design can be used.
How can high-rise buildings be erected?
According to the method of construction, multi-apartment residential buildings are classified into:
- traditional
- national teams;
- monolithic;
- prefabricated monolithic.
In a traditional way, brick houses are being built. This material during the construction of walls of high-rise buildings fits with dressing of seams in several rows. The result is thick and robust walling.
Prefabricated houses are built from small or large-sized elements. That is, such buildings are constructed from prefabricated products at enterprises - mainly from large blocks and panels.
Monolithic houses can be built from light or heavy concrete. The walls of such buildings are poured directly on the construction site - in formwork. In order for the enclosing structures to be durable, they are additionally reinforced with metal rods.
Prefabricated monolithic houses are combined structures. Part of the construction of such buildings can be assembled from prefabricated elements, and part can be poured into the formwork directly on the spot.