The types of roofs by design are determined at the design stage of the house. When choosing a configuration, it is worth considering the appearance and facade of the building, as well as the climatic conditions in which the building is located, general architectural requirements.
General about roofs
The types of roofs of private houses and their names are determined by their technical characteristics. In many ways, the aesthetics and character of the building depend on the roof. It can have one, two or several slopes, be flat or exclusive. Roofs with two or four slopes are more typical for cottages.
Flat designs are used in multi-story and industrial buildings. These are the most common types of roofs for garage and outbuildings. However, flat ones have a big drawback - they quickly leak and more money is spent on their maintenance than on a pitched roof.
The concepts of “roof” and “roof” should not be confused, because although these elements are related to each other, the essence of their structure is different. The roof is the topmost structural element that performs the enclosing, supporting, water and heat insulation function. The roof is a part of the roof that protects the structure from external influences of the atmosphere. For its installation, slate, tile, metal and other roofing materials are used. Types of roofs for a private house will be presented in this article.
Angle classification
According to the angle of inclination of the slopes of the roof, the roofs are divided into flat and pitched. A roof with a flat slope is considered one in which the angle of inclination of the opposite edges does not exceed 2.5 degrees. This design has a significant drawback - precipitation is delayed on it, subsequently leading to wear and leakage.
Fallen leaves and rainfall from the sloping roof are removed by hand. For the construction of cottages and private houses, this design is not used. Flat roofs are crowned with multi-storey and industrial buildings, non-residential buildings and garages.
In the construction of private houses, pitched structures are almost always used. The roof will be considered such if the angle of inclination is equal to or greater than 10 degrees. On slopes, snow and moisture do not stagnate, which reduces external pressure on the roof.
Types of roofs by design: photo and definition
There are roofs shared with the room, that is, attics, and combined with the room - unguarded. Attic, in turn, are heated and unheated. The uninhabited are divided into fully or partially ventilated and non-ventilated.
The possibility of using the roof for domestic and other purposes divides them into exploitable and non-exploitable. Technological progress and the imagination of the designers gave us the most diverse types of roofs in design. Photos and drawings presented in this article will allow you to visually familiarize yourself with them.
Types and designs of roofs of the house in geometric form
Shed roofs are a single plane lying on rafters installed at different heights, due to which a bias in one direction is formed. The most suitable roof option for outbuildings is not too expensive and not too laborious. As a coating, you can use any roofing material. The attic with one ramp is missing. However, it is still possible to equip the attic under a pitched roof, but this will require a special additional project.
Gable roofs consist of two planes lying on load-bearing walls, on the same level. In another way, such roofs are called gabled. The triangular section of the wall, “sandwiched” between two slopes, is called the “forceps”. The gable construction is more complicated than a single-pitched, but much easier than all other types of roofs.
Gable structures are also divided in a certain way. Types of gable roofs: mansard and sloping. For the attic are characterized by broken lines of slopes at different angles and pentagonal pediments. This design requires more free space for the organization of the attic. The upper slopes are located at a small angle.
Advantages and disadvantages of a gable roof
Gable types of roofs of private houses give the opportunity to adjust the eaves. Drawings and additional projects in this case do not need to be done, since the integrity of the common roof is not violated. A gable roof has other notable advantages over other configurations:
- Price availability of construction.
- Simplicity and profitability of a design.
- Full height of the building and the possibility of arranging windows in the area of gables.
- Ease of self-construction without the involvement of expensive specialists.
The disadvantages include:
- Dependence of the height and angle of inclination on the area of the house. The larger the house, the more material is required to create a gable roof.
- The organization of the attic requires an increase in the height and number of load-bearing elements, which increases the cost of construction.
Roof for the house with an attic
Attic types of gable roofs are built during the construction of cottages and cottages. The height of the attic roof according to technological standards can not be less than 2.3 m, since such a height is provided for ceilings of residential premises. The rafter system of the attic is layered and hanging.
The bare system is permissible only when the distance between two load-bearing walls is not more than 7 meters. Its essence lies in the fact that one end of the rafters enters the load-bearing wall, and the other - into the interior wall or a specially erected supporting structure.
On the principle of curtain rafters , some types of roofs of private houses with an attic are based. Hanging rafters are used when the building does not have internal capital walls. The support for hanging farms is Mauerlat (a log or a very thick timber located on the upper edge of the outer wall). For resistance to loads, trusses are stapled or wire.
The mansard roof is also divided into several types. It:
- Symmetrical.
- Asymmetrical.
- Broken.
- Hipped.
A symmetrical attic is created with a gable roof. In this case, the attic will have walls of the same height and width. The symmetrical shape allows you to install full windows under the roof, and if necessary, doors, if you plan to exit to the balcony.
The asymmetric shape is ensured by the hip arrangement of the ramps. At the same time, the attic will be a small area. Two of its walls will be in the form of triangles, and the other two - trapezoid.
A sloping gable roof is so called because it has external fractures of the faces to expand the attic space. A feature of the broken structure is the small height of the walls in the attic. Such a roof is often mounted in those cases when the attic is built on an already built house. Broken design eliminates the burden on the foundation, which was not intended to create another residential floor.
Under the tent roof, the attic can be round, conical, pyramidal. It is very difficult to arrange window or doorways in such a specific room, since they must be made according to special drawings. Simple rectangular openings in this case will not work.
More on hip and tent construction
As mentioned above, for the construction of the attic floor, hip and tent roofs are suitable.
The hip (four-slope) structure is distinguished by the fact that its two faces are triangles, and the other two are isosceles trapezoids.
Triangular slopes are located on the same plane with the gables, and they are called "hips". For the hip roof, a double-beam beam structure is used. Precipitation from such a roof is removed quite simply. Hip slopes usually tilt at an angle of 45 degrees.
A steep slope implies the need for a drainage system. It is difficult to equip such a construction with your own hands, since it is characterized by a complex rafter system, the installation of which requires accuracy and special skills.
There are also semi-hip roofs. This is the same hip structure, but its triangular slopes are truncated and installed at a smaller slope relative to the trapezoidal slopes.
A type of hip roof is a hipped roof, in which all slopes have the same geometric shape. The hipped roof is equipped in the event that the base of the house is laid out in the form of a regular quadrangle or another regular polygon. This design in appearance resembles a pyramid, since all the slopes converge at one point at the top.
Advantages and disadvantages of hip and tent construction
The advantages of these types of structures are:
- The fact that at home with such roofs I have an original, peculiar appearance.
- Strength, durability and reliability.
- Stability to the loads caused by winds and precipitation.
- The attic space is evenly warmed up from all sides, which allows you to equip the attic with comfortable living conditions.
Tent and hip roofs have some disadvantages:
- Designs are very complicated in construction and require special engineering calculations.
- Due to the vast area of the slopes, the structure is heavy.
- The high cost of erecting the attic, since it requires the installation of additional walls in the attic for its perimeter.
Multi-gable and other rare types of roofs
There are more complex types of roofs of private houses. Mnogoshchiptsovaya - one of these. This design is used on polygonal buildings, with attics and extensions. It is distinguished by an abundance of internal and external corners.
A large number of ribs and skates gives the house a peculiar highlight and distinguishes it from others. Multi-gable configurations are the most spectacular types of roofs of private houses with a balcony and other household and decorative outbuildings.
A multi-gable roof implies the presence of a complex and verified rafter system, it is advisable to entrust its construction to experienced workers (since fixing mistakes made during self-construction will cost a lot). Mnogoshchiptsovaya and hip - these are the most convenient types of roofs of private houses. With or without an attic, a structure with such a roof structure will be reliably protected from the influence of external negative factors.
Conical and domed roofs are rare, but interesting in their own way. Not every building can crown such a design. At the heart of the building, claiming a conical roof or dome, must either lie a circle, or only individual fragments of the building are covered by it - terraces, towers, verandas. The cone and the dome are quite rare types of roofs of private houses with a veranda.
In cottage architecture, there are combined, complex combinations that combine elements of tent, dome, gable and hip roof structures. Such original types of roofs are crowned by houses created according to intricate designs, with several residential levels, several balconies, verandas, terraces.
The main elements of the roof
The final step in building a house is the installation of a roof, designed to protect the home from rain, wind, cold and other weather "troubles." The longevity of the building itself depends on how professionally the roof will be erected.
Despite the fact that the choice of materials and design solutions for the construction of the roof is very diverse, the principles and general elements in any case will be the same.
Roofing pie - a structure consisting of several layers, creating a protective barrier against the penetration of moisture, heat condensate, temperature losses and other negative circumstances associated with the operation of the roof. Layers of the pie are mounted in a strictly defined sequence, and each is interconnected with the previous one.
Frame - a system of rafters (load-bearing elements) on which a roofing cake is laid.
Roofing - a special material designed to protect the building from climatic influences.
Ceiling - a structural element of reinforced concrete slabs or lighter building materials, "lying" on the bearing walls and serving as a ceiling for rooms on the top floor of the building.
Types of Roofing Materials
There are the following types of roofing, and when choosing them, it is not necessary to take into account the types of roofs in design. Each of the following types is suitable for any form of frame.
- Slate is a "budget" roofing material, but is in great demand among developers. Recently, slate production has declined due to the emergence of new profile coatings on the market.
- Rolled (soft) materials are made on a bitumen basis and also differ in affordable cost. However, they have a significant drawback - poor resistance to temperature extremes. Bituminous materials are easily softened in extreme heat and damaged in hard frost. Fragments of the coating are glued together with mastic, which, when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, also loses elasticity. It is believed that the service life of the roll coating does not exceed 7 years.
- The next type of coating is polymer mastics. They are used both to create a new roofing using seamless technology, and to repair old roofs of any type. Mastics are applied to the surface in liquid form and, after solidification, create a smooth, seamless heat-insulating monolithic coating. Their important property is plasticity, which preserves the integrity of the roof in case of temperature deformations.
- Mastics are stable to the effects of the sun and low temperatures, have light weight and are very durable. Their service life is 25-28 years. Coatings based on rubber mastic are best suited for any kind of roofs of private houses with an attic.
- Iron or galvanized sheets coated with an anticorrosive alloy of copper, titanium or zinc are always popular among buyers. They are released in rolls or sheets. Galvanized coating guarantees the safety of the roof up to almost 90 years.
- Profiled sheets created by cold stamping steel, imitating the texture of tiles. The thickness of the sheet is 0.5 mm, its surface is treated with zinc-aluminum alloy and anti-corrosion substance. The disadvantage of profiled steel is that it is not designed for bending and is absolutely not ductile. It is believed that this material is most suitable for simple pitched roof types of country houses and individual cottages.
- The next, no less common and well-known roofing is ceramic and cement tiles. This material is very heavy, so you can only cover them with slopes with an angle of at least 25 degrees, otherwise a powerful holding system of the rafters will be necessary. The durability of the tiles is high - 90 years or more.
Roof insulation and waterproofing
Whatever the types of roofs are by design, they all need additional insulation and protection against moisture penetration. This is especially true for roofs under which attic rooms are located.
Warming is an important step in creating a reliable and high-quality roofing cake. In order for the attic to live comfortably at any time of the year, it is necessary to choose the right heat-insulating material and install it professionally.
Warming, made in compliance with all technological rules, provides a normal microclimate in the room. In the winter, it will be warm in the attic, and in the hot weather it will keep cool.
Thermal insulation of the attic roof is carried out according to the same principles as that of a conventional roofing structure, but with increased requirements due to the characteristics of the attic space. Its walls are formed due to the slopes of the roof and pediments, which is why in the summer the sun overheats them, and in winter such walls quickly freeze.
Attic roofing pie consists of several layers, the sequence of which cannot be broken. It:
- Layer of vapor barrier.
- Directly insulating material.
- Ventilation gap.
- Waterproofing.
- Roofing.
When choosing a heater for an attic roof, it is important to consider its thermal conductivity. This characteristic shows the ability of a material to pass heat inside or out. , , . , .
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If the heat loss is too active, the snow on the roof begins to thaw, resulting in an ice crust. It increases the load on the roof and, unlike snow, allows heat to pass through. If the roof insulation is installed according to the rules, the snow will not melt on the surface, respectively, and there will not be an ice crust.
In summer, when it is too hot, excess heat enters the attic. The air heats up so much that even with an air conditioner it is impossible to maintain a normal indoor climate. In order to avoid such problems, the roof of the attic is also thermally insulated from the inside.
Before installing the roofing pie for the attic, a thermally insulating material is chosen. The number of layers and the thickness of the insulation segment depend on the correct choice. The most common and accessible materials are:
- Extruded Polystyrene.
- Polyurethane foam.
- Mineral and slag wool.
- Glass wool.
- Foamed glass.
Insulators based on natural materials can also be used: reed mats, wood shavings, straw, slag.