In rural areas, where there is no centralized water supply in the houses, it is necessary to extract water for drinking and domestic needs from wells and underground sources. Such water has more advantages over that used by city residents: a natural soil filter makes it clean and better for drinking.
Three types of underground water sources are known:
- Soil water - formed in the surface layers due to precipitation.
- Groundwater - appears due to subsidence of soil water into deeper layers of the earth.
- Interstratal water is a natural source of moisture located deep between two layers of soil.
It is such pure water that is extracted using mine and tubular wells.
Tubular well
There are several varieties of this structure, for example, a well, a column. Often they can be found on the street. To get water, you need to pump a hand pump. A tubular well is installed in those places where water runs at a shallow depth:
- Shallow construction - up to 40 meters deep. Holes are drilled up to 9 meters, and then pipes are clogged. It is applied only in soft ground.
- The construction of deep laying - more than 40 meters.
Wells are drilled up to fifty meters by the shock-rope method. A column or rotor is installed above the ground to extract water. In the process of drilling, pumping equipment is installed. If the soil is unstable or the well is laid at a considerable depth, in order to avoid a collapse of the earth, a casing must be used. The tight connection of the pipeline prevents the ingress of soil into the water during further operation.
Design
After a competent study of the characteristics of the soil, you can begin to build a tubular well, the device of which and the drilling method are completely dependent on the estimated depth of water passage and the mobility of the earth layers. When drilling can be used:
First, they start drilling the well before the first appearance of water in order to install the casing. Devices responsible for water intake are equipped with perforation and filter. Such types of wells are best done away from septic tanks, trash and cesspools.
Benefits
A tubular well has many advantages, which forces many to equip it near their home. For instance:
- Water always remains clean, because the design of the well prevents third-party debris from getting inside.
- It can be placed near the house, in the garden.
- An ideal source of drinking water.
- You can get water, regardless of how deep the first water horizon is.
Minuses
There are several disadvantages:
- There is no way to extract groundwater.
- It is not recommended to regularly use the well, the risk of flooding the source increases.
- You need to choose the right time for drilling. Otherwise, the source may become shallow.
If you plan to install a shallow tubular well, you can build it yourself.
Construction
Water intake systems with a depth of up to ten meters can be made on the garden plot independently by driving pipes into the ground. At the place where the tubular well (well) will be installed, we dig a pit, a shaft up to two meters deep and 1.5 to 1.5 meters in diameter. A tripod is mounted over the channel and a heavy drilling tool called a jumper is thrown over it. The first pipe is lowered with a filter and a load. At a height of twenty centimeters from the filter, another clamp is attached. The pipe is driven into the ground by a load on a rope. A load lowered at a speed drives a jumper into the ground. Every five or ten strokes, the drill is pulled out and cleaned of the earth. And so on until the first horizon of water appears.
After the appearance of the first water, casing pipes are lowered, continuing to drill with the help of the chute. A sharp increase in water in the well indicates the thickness of the layer. There is no soil on the walls of the drilling rig. Then use a smaller jumper, gradually lowering the casing to an even more powerful flow of water. Everything that is around the pipe on the surface of the earth is filled up, the soil is rammed. All the space behind the casing is covered with clay so that surface dirty water does not get into the source.
Pump installation
After completion of well drilling, the tubular well must be equipped with a pump. At the bottom of the pump, a suction pipe and filter are fixed about four meters long. The gap between the pump and the walls of the casing is filled with winding and lowered. The intake pipe and pump should be at least one meter lowered into the water so that the source does not quickly become shallow during pumping. The lowest casing should overlap the filter to a height of up to two meters.
Materials and filters
A tubular well for water is being built with the permission of the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance authorities, and it is they who give permission for the use of certain materials in the laying of the well. The filter should be as strong as possible, not amenable to corrosion and mechanical damage, not clogged with sand and silt. This device should protect the walls of the well from collapse and not let the soil and other debris into the groundwater.
The shape and type of filter is chosen based on the properties of the soil. For instance:
If the soil is rocky, contains pebbles or gravel from two to ten centimeters, tubular filters with perforation in the form of slits or circles can be used.
For coarse sandy soil with fine gravel from one to ten millimeters, the water inlet of the filter is made of a winding of stainless wire or steel sheet.
If the ground is soft, sandy, a tube-shaped filter from a grid of galunny weaving with gravel sprinkling is used. They allow you to retain foreign elements up to 0.5 mm in size.
Varieties of filters
The water intake filter for wells consists of three parts:
- The working mechanism of the pump itself.
- Filter tube.
- Sedimentation tank.
The pump is lowered into the last casing string so that sand does not enter the filter. An oil seal is installed on top and cemented to about 5 meters. The filter tube has a device on it with which the pump is lowered and raised into the well. The bottom of the filter is a sump, in which sand and debris falling into the device settle.
Depending on what the tubular well will be, the design of the filter also changes. It affects the quality of the soil where the water flow. They are:
- wire mesh;
- hole-slotted;
- porous concrete and gravel;
- gravitational.
The main part of the filter consists of a pipe with holes, there are also rods on which a filter screen is installed. The durability of the pumping device depends on the quality of the material from which it is made, since it is constantly exposed to water.
The most common frame-rod filters: a stainless steel frame, and the filter system - from a wire spiral up to 2 millimeters in diameter. They can be installed in a tubular well up to two hundred meters deep. All other pump models are allowed to be installed to a depth of not more than one hundred meters. For instance:
- from ceramics;
- wood;
- asbestos cement;
- plastic.
The through holes should prevent soil and rock from getting inside the pump, but at the same time have a high level of downhole. Borehole - the ratio of through holes in relation to the total surface of the filter. The higher this level, the more durable the device will be. Frame-rod filters have the most painful category of water permeability - 60 percent.
Is it worth it or not?
On the garden plot without a well can not do. This is not only a source of high-quality drinking water, but also the possibility of watering the garden. Even the availability of centralized water supply does not always save. Therefore, such a well will never be superfluous. The main thing is to choose the right place and time for drilling. Otherwise, the well may become shallow or very dirty.