Ceilings in buildings are enclosing (they separate the premises vertically) and supporting, that is, receiving and transmitting the load on the wall.
The first, in turn, according to their purpose are divided into:
floor floors that separate residential floors from each other;
attics that share the attic and the floor on which people live;
basements that isolate the basement from the living floor;
basement, enclosing the underground from residential floors.
In high-rise buildings , interfloor overlaps dominate in their number, which are subject to numerous requirements, such as:
- strength or specific bearing capacity, calculated during the design of the building;
- rigidity or inflexibility, determined by the permissible norms for deflection;
- high sound insulation of floors, protecting the upper and lower floors from sounds;
- thermal insulation, especially relevant in rooms with a large temperature difference;
- high fire resistance, corresponding to existing standards for fire safety;
- profitability - minimum weight and volume.
In the construction of brick, block and log houses, prefabricated or monolithic floors are often used, which are produced in factories producing reinforced concrete structures. Architects using such a separation of floors bring the size of the overlapped area to a standard size.
The next important condition for such ceilings is their insulation - filling the joint seams and bumps from the slabs, because they are installed, guided by the ceiling of the lower floor. This is done using a cement-sand mixture. A vapor barrier film is placed on top of the leveled surface , and a heater with a layer thickness determined by the heat engineering calculation is laid on it .
Prefabricated floor slabs are made of solid, light or concrete with voids. The latter have the highest sound insulation indicators, in addition, they are lighter, and, therefore, have a small load on the walls and foundation of the building. As a rule, such plates serve up to 80 years.
Beam technology as a whole means installing beams at a certain distance from each other. They perform the role of the supporting base, and filling, fulfilling the enclosing function, is laid on them.
Beams are metal (channel), wooden and reinforced concrete.
Today, in stone and wooden floor houses, the spread over wooden beams has spread.
The interval with which they are laid on load-bearing walls ranges from seventy to one hundred centimeters. The most durable are such beam interfloor ceilings in which the aspect ratio of the beams is seven to five, and the cross section is square.
Rolls of boards or individual boards are laid along the beams, on top of which sand is poured. This simultaneously enhances both the insulating and sound insulating properties of the floor. Then, a plank flooring is placed along the lags, usually in one or two layers.
The ends of the beams are embedded in the outer walls, and so that when they come into contact with the cold material of the wall, they do not rot and do not collapse, they are treated with a double layer of roofing and resin.
Wooden flooring has a number of advantages:
- firstly, it is a much lower cost price;
- secondly, low weight;
- then ease of processing, sound and heat insulation high characteristics, etc.
In order for the floor to be soundproofed, the flooring should not adjoin the wall tightly. Around the perimeter between them, it is necessary to leave an air gap of one or two centimeters thick, which should subsequently be filled with some kind of soundproofing material, for example, polyethylene foam or soft wood fiberboard. The clearance above is covered by a skirting board.