🎯 👓 🧝🏻 Classification of loads and supports 🥒 🧕🏽 🔉

When building buildings, it is very important to take into account the degree of influence of external factors on its construction. Practice shows that neglect of this factor can lead to cracks, deformations and destruction of building structures. This article will consider a detailed classification of loads on building structures.

General information

All effects on the design, regardless of their classification, have two meanings: normative and calculated. The loads that arise under the weight of the structure itself are called constant, since they continuously affect the building. Impacts on the design of natural conditions (wind, snow, rain, etc.), weight distributed on the building’s overlap from the accumulation of a large number of people, etc. are recognized as temporary. That is, temporary loads are loads on the structure, during which Either gap can change their values.

The standard values of constant loads from the weight of the structure are calculated on the basis of design measurements and characteristics used in the construction of materials. The calculated values are determined using standard loads with possible deviations. Deviations can occur as a result of changes in the initial dimensions of the structure or in case of discrepancy between the planned and actual density of materials.

Load classification

In order to calculate the degree of impact on the structure, it is necessary to know its nature. Types of loads are determined by one basic condition - the duration of the load on the structure. Classification of loads includes:

Permanent
temporary:
- long;
- short-term.
special.

Each item that includes the classification of structural loads should be considered separately.

Constant loads

As already mentioned, the constant loads include the impact on the structure, which is carried out continuously throughout the entire period of operation of the building. As a rule, they include the weight of the structure itself. Suppose, for the tape type of the base of the building, the constant load will be the weight of all its elements, and for the floor truss, the weight of its belts, racks, braces and all connecting elements.

It should be borne in mind that for stone and reinforced concrete structures, constant loads can be more than 50% of the calculated load, and for wooden and metal elements this value usually does not exceed 10%.

Temporary load

Temporary loads are of two types: long-term and short-term. Long-term structural loads include:

weight of specialized equipment and tools (machine tools, devices, conveyors, etc.);
load arising during the construction of temporary partitions;
weight of other contents located in warehouses, attics, compartments of the archives of the building;
pressure of the contents of pipelines supplied and located in the building; thermal effects on the structure;
vertical loads from bridge and overhead cranes; weight of natural precipitation (snow), etc.

Short-term loads include:

the weight of personnel, tools and equipment during the repair and maintenance of the building;
loads from people and animals on the overlap in residential premises;
weight of electric cars, loaders in industrial warehouses and premises;
natural loads on the structure (wind, rain, snow, ice).

Special loads

Special loads are short-lived. Special loads are assigned to a separate classification item, since the probability of their occurrence is negligible. But nevertheless, they should be taken into account when erecting a building structure. These include:

building loads due to natural disasters and emergencies;
load resulting from breakdown or malfunction of equipment;
structural loads resulting from deformation of the soil or the foundation of the structure.