Unlike stone wooden houses are called breathable. Breathing promotes a constant exchange of air through the wood. This material is the most sought after. Coniferous wood, which has high qualities for heat saving and sound insulation, is mainly used. Sometimes for the lower base part for laying the first crown, oak logs are used, which are given a rectangular shape, fitting them under the foundation.
Wooden blockhouse
For a wooden house, any of the many types of foundation is suitable, but the usual tape is used, raised a long distance above the ground to raise the base of the wooden building higher from moisture. To protect against moisture and water, it is treated with waterproofing mastic. If the project has a basement, then waterproofing is done under the entire foundation for a wooden house.
The first crown of logs is laid on a base treated with waterproofing mastic and waterproofing gasket, which uses bitumen material. Logs for the floor are laid in the lower window sill harness, which together with the crown of the lower row strengthen the base. All subsequent rows of logs are stacked in locks in the form of a bowl.
Connect the logs to each other in the locks with wooden spikes, which are made of hard wood. So that all the crowns have a strictly horizontal arrangement, connect the thin edges of the logs with thick ones. For window openings, vertical window logs are installed, which are fastened to the upper log of the window sill by cutting the end of the window log into the lower and upper log of the window sill and window sill. The attics are given a rectangular shape for better fastening of the rafter frame. In addition to the spike connection, the base of the attic crown is additionally strengthened with metal nails and clamps.
Foundation on floating subsiding soils
If, after examining the soil at the construction site, it is established that the soil under the future building has unstable stability, subsidence or floating structure, then, accordingly, the foundation on such soil must also be resistant to subsidence or buoyancy of the soil. First of all, to eliminate such negative phenomena, it is necessary to remove the surface layer of the soil - not less than 200 mm.
If after removing the surface layer of soft soil the soil remains soft and moist, you need to separate the future base from the moist soil with a layer of large stones that will compact the soft soil and create a solid base for a stone-sand pillow. The stone layer is covered with a new layer of coarse gravel and sand to create a solid stone-sand pillow. It is desirable to build the foundation foundation for a wooden house on soft soils on piles or on the principle of continuous pouring of a slab foundation connected to a strip.
The strip foundation is installed on a stone-sand cushion around the entire perimeter of the building with a waterproofing base deepened into the ground. As a waterproofing stone-sand cushion, a waterproofing film or bitumen roofing material is used. Cloths are overlapped - at least 20 cm. Joints of such canvases are fastened with adhesive waterproofing mastic or adhesive tape. Do-it-yourself formwork under the strip foundation of a wooden house is done from boards with a thickness of at least 30-40 mm or from thick waterproof plywood.
Formwork
The foundation is the foundation of the entire building. Like any other construction, pouring has its own tricks and secrets that are not known to those who have never dealt with the filling of the foundation.
The main thing for a high-quality foundation pouring for a wooden house is the correctly completed formwork. Typically, boards or thick plywood sheets are used for formwork. The density of the reinforcing posts depends on the thickness of the board used. The thinner the formwork board, the more often the racks become clogged to prevent curvature of the foundation.
Installation is done on strictly stretched cords, starting from the corners of the building. The boards are attached to the racks clogged into the ground with nails from the inside of the formwork with their bending on the outer racks so that they can be easily bent when disassembling. In addition to attaching the formwork boards to the racks, the racks are further strengthened by slopes on the outside of the formwork.
On the inside, the formwork is reinforced with spacers that are installed around the entire perimeter of the formwork with a frequency of at least 30-50 cm. The spacers, as usual, are attached with nails to the upper edge of the board. To strengthen the bottom of the formwork, the base of the foundation formwork for a wooden house is mounted. As a base, you can use interconnected reinforcing bars that are laid on stones at the bottom of the formwork.
Concrete preparation
The pouring solution is prepared during pouring in the amount that is supposed to be used for pouring any one area. To prepare the solution, first an exact amount of sand or gravel is poured into a large container and cement is added in accordance with the proportions.
If a concrete mortar is prepared in a ratio of 1: 4, then, accordingly, one bucket of cement is required for four buckets of sand. Or four spades of sand - one spade of cement. After filling the tank, the components of the mixture must be thoroughly mixed to obtain a homogeneous mixture of sand and cement.
The mixture is mixed with shovels by the method of transferring from one end of the container to the other. It is necessary to transfer cement and sand from one pile to another several times until the mass becomes homogeneous. After mixing, pure water is added in small portions to the mixture over the entire area of the container.
The mass is thoroughly mixed. The amount of water is determined empirically "by eye". In appearance, the quality of the concrete mortar is determined by the shade. If the solution has a light gray tint, then the proportion of cement and sand is maintained correctly.
If the solution has a dark gray color, then the amount of cement has been clearly reduced. To fix, cement is added, and again the solution is mixed several times. Regarding viscosity, this indicator is considered the norm, if the solution is easy and independent, but with some strain spreads over the formwork gutters.
Foundation pouring
The deepening of the foundation depends on the quality of the surface soil layer on which the house will be built. If the construction site is on a sluggish, clay, moist soil, then the depth of the laying, including when you need to replace the foundation under a wooden house, depends on the depth of freezing of the surface. Typically, the depth of the laying is made below the level of freezing of the soil by at least 50 cm. For pouring into a dug trench, formwork is created from wooden, plywood or metal panels, with which they create a gutter to the width of the foundation.
The gutter shields are rigidly fixed around the perimeter. To strengthen the shields, wooden battens, slopes, struts, connecting strips and metal nails are used. To strengthen the base, the bottom of the trench is at least 50 cm covered with a stone-sand pillow. For filling the bottom, any stone of different sizes is used. To compact the pillow, large river gravel mixed with sand is poured onto a layer of stone.
For the first pouring layer, a layer of finer solid stone is laid on the surface of the stone-cement pillow. All this is poured with concrete mortar for all the foundation foundations, including the foundation for the old wooden house.
The first layer of concrete should completely cover the stones. After pouring the first layer of concrete along the entire perimeter of the building, the second layer of the foundation is poured. To strengthen the top layer, small stones with a low density in one row are thrown into the solution poured into the formwork so that they do not pile up on each other. In this way, the fill is made to the upper level. The top layer of concrete mortar is leveled to a smooth surface, which will serve as the basis for laying walls or for pouring the strapping beam.
Basement filling with basement
If it is planned to build a basement, then on the stone-cement pillow created at the bottom of the foundation pit, the basement will be waterproofed. For waterproofing, you can use any waterproofing material. This is a polyvinyl chloride film, roofing material or liquid bitumen. The waterproofing material is applied to the entire surface of the stone-cement basement cushion and the surface is reinforced with reinforcing mesh for pouring the reinforced concrete floor of the basement. The thickness of the solution layer is 20 cm.
In fact, the walls of the foundation have a large height - the entire height of the basement. Therefore, to strengthen the walls, they need to be reinforced. For this, metal frames are used, which are welded from a metal rod with a cross-section of at least 1.5-2.0 cm. Reinforcing meshes are installed around the perimeter in the formwork.
At the corners of the building, it is desirable to reinforce the reinforcing mesh with a rod slightly thicker. The frame is fixed strictly in an upright position and between each other with a thick wire to create a solid frame around the entire perimeter. Before installing the reinforcing cage, the bottom is reinforced with additional waterproofing material. As an additional waterproofing of the bottom, you can use liquid bitumen mastic.
Foundation protection
The underground part of the foundation should be protected by the soil layer from various destructive natural factors. Sometimes both builders and owners ignore the protection of the underground. Like, nothing will happen to her. But the underground part is also affected by such climatic factors as frost, moisture. Even strong concrete substrates over time can feel the impact of natural destructive elements.
No matter how strong the concrete is, it will have a certain percentage of moisture absorption. Its action in concrete has a destructive effect, especially under the influence of frost. Freezing moisture in concrete walls in winter and thawing in summer significantly affects the internal structure of the base. That's why various methods of protecting all concrete structures are provided, including when the foundation of a wooden house is replaced from natural factors.
To protect and strengthen the foundation, vertical and horizontal concrete reinforcement is used with reinforcing bars or other metal materials. It can also be reinforced with old scrap metal, gas pipes, corners or wire. So the foundation gains a lot more strength.
To protect against freezing, a method of warming the underground part with natural materials is used: clay, slag, expanded clay or polystyrene. For warming, they dig a trench at least 50 cm wide around the foundation and cover it with a layer of insulation, and cover the surface with clay or clay grass bunches.
Foundation on stilts
Most Canadian homes are installed on a regular strip foundation, which is laid one and a half meters in depth. In case of adverse wet soils, the pile foundation of a wooden house is provided - this is the simplest design, consisting of only a few dozen piles.
Piles are a metal cylinder or pipe, which is made of stainless steel. At the end of the cylinder is a screw with which it is screwed into the soil. We can say that the pile is a large metal screw that is screwed into the soil a few meters. Each workpiece has a large compressive strength and a large bearing capacity. They are different in diameter and length. For example, a pile with a diameter of 108 millimeters and a blade with a diameter of 300 mm has a bearing capacity of more than 4 tons.
Advantages and disadvantages of the pile foundation
The advantage of the pile foundation is that it does not require insulation of the foundation of a wooden house. The second significant advantage is that the pile foundation is not afraid of temperature differences and does not require laborious waterproofing.
The main disadvantages of such a basis are the complexity of its installation. If piles of industrial manufacture are used, then devices are needed for their installation - for screwing them into the ground, if these are screw piles. And if they are stuffed, then their installation requires drilling or digging holes with the subsequent pouring of concrete mortar. The next disadvantage of the pile foundation is that it can only be used in small construction.
There are several types of pile foundation. These are prefabricated metal structures used to build small buildings or canopies. Also, often when building a house and a cottage on wet soils, columnar piles are used, which are poured in place with concrete mortar. For small houses and cottages, columnar piles are made of brick or stone.
Canadian wooden house
A pile foundation is the simplest foundation, consisting of only a few dozen piles, which are a metal cylinder or pipe. It is made of stainless steel. At the end of the cylinder there is a screw with which the pile cylinder is screwed into the soil.
Most Canadian homes do not exceed a weight of 30 tons. A pile foundation of 25 piles, which are installed under a two-story Canadian house, has a bearing capacity of more than 70 tons. Based on this, it should be noted that such a foundation has a safety factor of almost two times and there is no need to think about how to insulate the foundation of a wooden house. This design does not require insulation. Of course, the calculation of the pile foundation is done by specialists who will conduct accurate calculations for any terrain and calculate the number of piles needed for the house, as well as the depth of their installation.