In civil, land and urban planning Russian law there are no such separate concepts as “building”, “building”, “construction”. And this leads to numerous disputes during the construction, as well as the recognition of the above concepts as real estate. Another problem is the clarification: which of these buildings, structures and structures are objects of capital construction, and which are not.
Building. What it is?
The concepts of “structure”, “building” and “construction” have long been technically and normatively defined. What is a building, describes OK 013-94 (All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets). This is an architectural and construction object, designed to create certain conditions for the storage of values, work, cultural and social services for the population. Buildings should have the main part (roof and walls), as well as internal communications to ensure a normal operating period.
Internal communications include:
- water supply and sewage systems;
- heating system;
- lighting system and wiring network;
- ventilation mechanisms installed in accordance with general sanitary standards;
- elevators and elevators (for multi-story construction).
Construction. What is this construction project?
The construction is an engineering and construction object, designed to create conditions for the production process without changing the subject of labor, but with the fulfillment of some necessary technical functions. Each single structure, which is one of the main structures, while making up a single object, is also called a structure .
What is this element, the following examples will show:
- The bridge (a single object), and its elements: bridge, supports and span - these are also structures;
- Oil well - consists of a derrick and casing;
- Overpass - consists of a foundation, flooring, supports, spans and fences.
Also, power lines, cable communication lines, pipelines and the like objects fall under the definition of “construction”. What is this type of buildings, we can briefly summarize: it is all built by people in order to satisfy material and spiritual needs.
Structure. What it is?
According to Russian civil law, civil law, building is a unifying term that includes the concepts of building and construction . What is a building, one can also say in other words, is a building legally fixed on a land plot. That is, in Russian legislation there is a form of construction - a structure that has two types: a building and a structure. And many people, without technical education, perceive all these three concepts as synonyms.
Classification Objectives
The main task of carrying out this classification is to promote an economical solution in their design, and not the problematic construction of structures and buildings.
The basis for the division of buildings into classes is their purpose and significance. Also installed:
- norms of operational characteristics and requirements to ensure the proper functioning of buildings (area and volume, internal and external decoration, plumbing, electrical mechanisms);
- standards for fire resistance and durability of individual structural elements.
The division into classes of buildings and structures occurs separately for each group of their types that are similar in purpose (residential buildings, technical structures, power lines, bridges, and so on).
Main classification
By appointment, it may be:
- a heat and power structure is power lines, poles and supports, and so on;
- civil and industrial;
- technical construction (a dam can be an example of such a structure);
- road transport (this includes a flyover, highway, road bridge and interchange).
By the same sign, buildings are divided into:
- residential (intended for temporary or permanent residence);
- production - where different types of production are located;
- public - serve to accommodate administrative institutions and for social services.
Additional classification
Depending on the material from which they are made, they are divided into:
- wooden;
- concrete;
- stone;
- reinforced concrete.
According to the method of construction, these objects are divided into:
- monolithic;
- national teams;
- from spatial blocks.
Depending on the geometry:
Depending on the nature of the application, objects are usually divided as follows:
- continuous operation of structures and buildings;
- temporary use.
Depending on the value divided by:
In terms of liability:
- highest level;
- normal level;
- low level.
Depending on the number of storeys, they are divided into:
- low-rise, which have one or two floors;
- average storeys, have from three to five floors;
- high floors (6-7 floors);
- multi-storey (from eight to 29 floors);
- high-rise (from 30 to 100).
These objects are also divided into degrees in accordance with durability, that is, the ability of structural elements not to lose the required qualities for a normal operation process:
- first degree (more than one hundred years);
- second degree (from 50 to 100 years);
- third degree (from 20 to 50);
- fourth degree (less than 20 years).
There is also a classification for refractoriness, which is determined by the duration in minutes:
- loss of integrity;
- loss of bearing capacity;
- loss of thermal insulation.