The underground part of the structure, that is, the foundation, takes on the main load, transferring it to the base. Foundation installation today can be carried out according to one of many technologies, and this can be done independently. One of them allows you to build a tape base, which is very popular in private housing construction, as it requires minimal labor costs. Its formation is accompanied by reasonable investments, and the execution technique is not too complicated. The device of this design is a fairly simple process, for the implementation of the plan it is only necessary to study the technology of the work. This kind of foundation is laid on dry non- heaving soils, and if deep soil freezes, construction will cost more because excavation will have a large volume. Therefore, it is worth considering the possibility of renting heavy equipment.
Preparation for the construction of the strip foundation
Installation of the foundation begins with cleaning the territory and marking the site. On the ground, the axes of the future home should be marked and the stakes fixed, between which the cord will be located. It is important to check the angles, which should be equal to 90 degrees. When preparing the site, you should make its dimensions larger in each direction by 2 meters. You can verify the correct layout by comparing the diagonals.
Trench preparation and formwork
The installation of the strip foundation at the next stage involves digging a trench, these works can be carried out manually or with the help of an excavator. In the latter case, the bottom must be cleaned and leveled with a shovel. At the next stage, you can start laying the pillow, the thickness of which should be 200 millimeters. It is made of fine gravel or sand. The layer is spilled with water, compacted, and a plastic film is laid on top, which will become a waterproofing material. As an alternative solution, pouring from a cement mortar can act so that the water does not go into the ground, because this can impair the strength characteristics of the pillow.
Installation of the foundation of the house at the next stage provides for the arrangement of formwork, which consists of planed boards on one side. Their thickness should be equal to the limit of 40 to 50 millimeters. Can be used panel formwork made of iron. Elements are securely fixed to the walls of the trench. It is important to verify the verticality of the walls using a plumb line, since the operation period of the future design will depend on the accuracy of these indicators. It is necessary to provide for the presence of holes for laying water supply and sewage systems.
Reinforcement and concrete pouring
The installation technology of the foundation almost always involves the installation of reinforcement, which will become a structural bearing element. The rods are assembled into a frame, and the number, their location, as well as the diameter should be indicated in the design. The frame should include two strips of vertical reinforcement, which are fastened with horizontal rods. It is important to consider that when pouring concrete mixture, which will have a height of more than 1.5 meters, the solution exfoliates. Therefore, it is recommended to use a portable chute. At this stage, the mixture is poured into the formwork, the thickness of the layers in this case should be approximately 20 centimeters. Each layer is compacted, which eliminates the formation of voids. For this, the formwork walls are tapped. The solution should not be liquid.
Waterproofing
Installation of the foundation is accompanied by waterproofing work, which is carried out 10 days after pouring. To do this, you can use bitumen mastic applied to the outer walls. A waterproofing material is glued to this composition, in the role of which roofing material can act. After some time, the quality of material fixation can be checked.
Final work
After completing all the above manipulations, you can backfill, in the process of which medium-fraction sand is used. It is compacted in layers and filled with water, while it is necessary to monitor the state of waterproofing, it should not be damaged.
Construction of a pile-screw foundation
The advantages of such a foundation are obvious, among them it is necessary to highlight the speed of work, reliability, low cost, durability and the possibility of the device during spring heaving. At the first stage, the corners of the future building must be marked with pegs, a rope is pulled between them and other planned pegs are set. In their place, pits are excavated, where it is planned to screw piles in the future. The depth of the pits should be approximately 20 centimeters. To screw the piles manually, use the lever, it can be performed as follows: fittings should be installed in the technological holes at the upper end of the piles, putting pieces of a square pipe on the scrap on both sides. They will act as a lever. The longer the parts of the lever, the less effort will be required. The optimal size of such sleeves will be indicators of 3 meters. Each pile should be twisted around its axis. This work can be done with the help of another person, while the third worker will control the verticality of the elements with the help of a level.
If you decide to use manual screwing, then the vertical deviation should not be more than 2 degrees, otherwise the load distribution will turn out to be uneven, and the piles will be deformed. Installation of the pile-screw foundation is carried out in such a way that the lower edge of the element is below the level of soil freezing. Therefore, it is important to know what this characteristic is for a particular area. If we are talking about the middle lane of Russia, then it is 1.5 meters. Once the piles overcome the level of freezing, it is important that they reach hard soils. You can understand this when the element ceases to enter the soil easily. If you come across stones, you need to remove the support from the ground and screw it in again, a little at an angle. After the pile is installed vertically to the required level.
Foundation leveling
Installation of a pile-screw type foundation is accompanied by trimming of elements to a certain level. To control the horizontal, it is more convenient to use the hydraulic level, which is sometimes replaced by a level. The aboveground parts should be equal to 60 centimeters. Using a grinder, metal can be cut to a certain level.
Concreting and strapping
The interior of the piles must not be left empty, as this can cause surface corrosion and shorten the life of the piles. Inside the elements are filled with cement mortar, about 1.5 buckets of the mixture should go to each pile. If the house is heavy enough, the grillage can be made of metal, while for easy construction, you can refuse it. In this case, its functions will be performed by a wooden binding or metal ends. For this purpose, heads are put on piles, to which a screw of a square cross-section with a side of 150 millimeters is screwed on with screws. The resulting binding joints should be treated with bitumen. At the next stage, you can start building the walls of the house. It is noteworthy that the pile-screw foundation after the construction will be able to undergo design loads, it is completely ready for operation. Installation of a pile-screw foundation is used in those cases when the construction must be completed in the shortest possible time.
The construction of a screw foundation
When installing the screw foundation, it is important to warm it, the only way in the house will be a warm floor. First you need to make a base pipe for the elements that will connect all the freestanding supports. Insulation is laid on waterproofing. In this case, you can use polystyrene boards or mineral wool. After you should begin to carry out the finishing work of the facade.
Construction of the foundation of the glass type
Such bases are used when the foundation must have high strength. The device is manufactured using a reinforced reinforcement circuit. Thanks to this, the design will be ready to listen even longer. Such bases are not intended for individual construction. They are not installed on subsidence and heaving soils, the technology provides for the installation of columns. The foundation is made on the basis of concrete of the M-200 brand, the waterproof characteristics of which correspond to the designation B2. Before starting work, a surface is prepared that is leveled and compacted. At the next stage, pits are excavated, the compaction of which is carried out using gravel. Then you can proceed to install the blocks. The gravel cushion can be replaced by a sand preparation on which the base and column are mounted. To carry out these works, you will need special lifting equipment. Installation is made according to the location of the axes, indicated by the risks along the edges of the glass. They are applied before starting with indelible paint. The alignment axes must be marked with strings and plumb, and during installation of the so-called shoe it is necessary to ensure that the axes on the sole and the cup coincide with the alignment axes. Without additional help, it will not be possible to mount the equipment. A foundation of this type is also not common in private construction for these reasons.