The State Water Cadastre was created to record the water resources of Russia. It is conducted in order to ensure a normal level of water balance. The register is maintained in accordance with the established system, which allows taking into account all water resources. Each reservoir has its own code.
Definition of a water body
Such a definition is contained in Article 5 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation. Objects are divided into underground and located on the surface of the earth.
Surface objects are the water surface and the land beneath it. A plot of land is limited by a coastline. The coastline of the seas is determined by the constant level of water, rivers and streams - by the average annual water level (except for the period when the rivers are ice-bound), ponds - by the normal water level, and swamps - by the border of peat.
Coastline paradox
As you know, water bodies that are in federal ownership can border other countries. In this case, you need to measure the length of the coastline. This value will depend on which measurement method to use.
An example that illustrates the paradox is the coastline that has developed around the island of Great Britain. If you select a section 100 km long for the measurement, the total length of the coastline will be 2,800 km. If, however, a value of 50 km is taken as the measurement interval, then the length of the line will be already 3,400 km.
Water Cadastre Structure
State Water Cadastre - this system of data on all water bodies with an indication of their characteristics and codes. The procedure for maintaining and updating the information contained therein is carried out on the basis of the provisions of Article 79 of the RF CC.
All water users regularly provide information on facilities that are allocated to them for temporary use. The water registry contains the archive part, data stored on paper and digital media (with absolute preference given to paper), as well as data that are regularly published in yearbooks and other directories.
History of the emergence and development of the inventory
The State Water Cadastre appeared in the USSR in 1933 and contained general information about the rivers and seas of the Soviet Union, about regimes and water levels. Work on the cadastre has been actively pursued for over 20 years. Its result was the publication in 1966 of three reference books, which contained a set of data on the hydrogeological characteristics of water bodies, hydroelectric facilities and glaciers.
State authorities responsible for cadastre management
General management of the state water cadastre is carried out by the President and the Government of Russia, authorities at the level of regions of Russia, as well as municipalities.
Special management functions are assigned to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of Russia. The Federal Agency for Subsoil Use is responsible for groundwater bodies.
The strategic importance of the water cadastre
The water registry contains information on the resource potential of the country. In the waters of the seas, underground water sources, as well as hydroelectric power stations, state interests are concentrated. The well-being of the country depends on the rational use of water resources.
The search for a balance of interests between industrial development and the conservation of natural diversity has always been considered a fundamentally important point in resource management. The state cadastre of water bodies is maintained in order to maintain the ecology of such facilities at a constant level.
This means that GVK, among other things, contains information on the disposal of industrial waste. Organizations engaged in such activities report on how much waste was discharged into wastewater. There is a system of bypass channels, which does not allow toxic elements to pollute clean water.
Water balance and its significance
Water balance is a methodological compilation of data on the volumes of incoming water in comparison with the level of its natural outflow. It also takes into account the volumes of water that are required to provide the population.
The water balance is calculated for a certain time period - it can be one day, month or year. The calculation formula includes precipitation, evaporation from the surface of water bodies, as well as water from underground sources. The necessary calculations allow the information contained in the state cadastre of water resources.
Water balance is directly related to heat balance. Together, these two values allow us to present a picture of the ecological balance that has developed in a certain territory in a specific time period.
Water coding
Systematization of information is impossible without an encryption technique, thanks to which you can easily and quickly identify any object. For this purpose, a concept such as the code of a water management site for the state water cadastre was introduced in the USSR Ministry of Water.
Coding is carried out using the so-called faceted method, in which the legend is grouped from large to smaller.
Let us consider this principle on a concrete example: CHER DNIPR - this is the designation of the Dnieper River, which flows into the Black Sea.
Small rivers and streams flowing into a single basin are designated as POBER. For example, BEL POBER is the coast of the White Sea.
There is a technique for calculating the numerical level of river inflows. Depending on the size, inflows are divided into levels and orders.
Responsibilities for violation of water legislation
Persons who violate the law on water bodies can be held criminally and administratively liable.
The Administrative Code of the Russian Federation contains liability measures provided for the illegal withdrawal of water and the discharge of wastewater into lakes, rivers and other bodies of water. Responsibility will also have to be borne by persons who violate the procedure for the extraction of minerals from the subsoil, including coal, peat and other natural resources.
Particular attention is paid to structures with the help of which oil is produced from coastal and shelf zones.
Fishing, crabs and mollusks, carried out on an industrial scale, is also strictly regulated.
Recently, the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation has been applying measures to respond to citizens' complaints about restricting access to water bodies. Under the law, an entrepreneur who conducts business in a flowing body of water is required to provide residents with access to water.
As an example, it looks as follows: an entrepreneur organized a recreation infrastructure on the lake - a paid beach, rental of fishing equipment and gear. People who come on vacation can rent a boat or fishing rod from a commercial organization, but a citizen who comes with his fishing rod should be able to freely fish and relax by the lake.
This position is due to the fact that the water surface is the property of the Russian Federation, and all its citizens should have access to water bodies. Today, there is a practice of applying sanctions to those who are trying to limit people's access to water bodies. The exception in this case can only be artificial ponds dug in the territory of private ownership.