“Shurfs” is a word that was originally associated with geological excavations. In the future, it found its application in geodesy, archeology, construction, and in engineering studies of communications. What are the pits? What it is? Their device and features we will consider in more detail.
Shurf: definition
This word in geology denoted a vertical or inclined depression in the ground for the search and exploration of minerals. The cross section of such devices is round (they are also called pipes), rectangular, square. The main feature is small parameters from 800 to 4000 mm, depth - up to 40 m. These geological workings are used for lowering / lifting people, cargo into the mine / to the surface. In loose soils, these devices require fixing with beams to prevent shedding.
Given the above, it is impossible to underestimate the pits. The meaning of the word was disassembled, the specifics of use, types, device should be considered.
Fields of application
There are four main areas for using pits:
- for a detailed study of the geological section;
- sampling of soil samples of an undamaged monolith;
- field engineering and geological research;
- hydrogeological studies.
As you can see, the scope of pits has greatly expanded over time.
Kinds
Research work of such a plan is carried out in two main directions:
- geological engineering;
- special purpose (used to assess the condition of the foundation; the main goal is to find out the cause of the resulting deformations).
According to the size of the pits are divided into three groups:
- Small . Depth - up to 3 m. As a rule, such devices do not require fixing. Often used in engineering research (about 60%).
- Medium . The depth is not more than 10 m. With their arrangement, a ventilation system is already provided. Deepening is carried out using drilling rigs.
- Deep . The occurrence parameter is from 10 m. They are used to solve special problems.
Pit device
For the installation of such objects, both the manual method and the use of special equipment can be used.
The main parameters for pits are selected depending on the proposed work, the type of soil. Recommended Dimensions:
- Rectangular, square section: 1000 x 1250 mm, 1000 x 1500 mm, 1500 x 1500 mm, 2000 x 1500 mm. The selected parameter also depends on the depth of the device: with a pit height of 3000 mm - 1250 mm, 10 000 mm - 1500 mm, up to 20 000 mm - 2000 mm, over 20 000 mm - 4000 mm.
- Round section: from 700 to 1000 mm. Pipes with a depression of up to 10,000 mm - a diameter of at least 650 mm, over 10,000 mm - from 700 to 1000 mm.
What are the pits, what is it, we sorted out. Now consider the specifics of application in construction.
Special purpose pits
The foundation is the foundation of the house. The integrity of the entire structure depends on its quality and condition. Therefore, timely assessment is an important component in restoration and construction work. Research pits are used in the following cases:
- Superstructure of an additional floor not taken into account in the initial design. The condition of the foundation and the possibility of additional load on it are evaluated.
- Technical retooling. In construction - replacement, modernization of engineering networks.
- Overhaul. Assessment of the validity of the work.
- The appearance of cracks on the facade of the building, distortions of the doorways. Such defects indicate deformation of the foundation.
- Invalid drawdowns of the structure. This deficiency can lead to the complete destruction of the structure.
- When planning the laying of a new foundation near the existing one. The possible negative impact of one on another is evaluated.
The causes of the deformation can be identified through pits.
The significance of such studies is the ability to identify the factor of destruction of the foundation and its elimination. The main reasons that have a direct impact on the foundation of the building may be:
- Precipitation. They can accumulate and undermine the base. An excess of precipitation above average can provoke a rise in groundwater, which also has a negative effect on the condition of the foundation.
- Leakage of water from utilities. At the same time, a study of their condition can be carried out.
- Deficiencies in base compaction and backfill.
- Displacement of soil layers in relation to each other and others.
Timely identification of the causes of the destruction of the foundation and their elimination can extend the life of the building.
Features of pits in construction
Factors affecting the choice of location for research:
- the presence of obvious deformation in a certain section of the building;
- the busiest fragment of the structure;
- if the house is multi-sectional, then each section is subjected to research;
- in the presence of additional supports, they are also examined;
- during restoration, the places where the supporting walls and supports are installed are determined.
The pits are deepened below the level of the foundation so that it is possible to examine the condition of the base.
For a strip foundation, an examination can be carried out both inside the building and outside. The pit is dug up so that there is access to the base.
For columnar foundations, there can be three types of research recesses:
- Two way . Two adjacent sides of the support are exposed.
- Corner Also clean the two sides of the base, but up to half the width.
- Perimetric . It is used in urgent cases when thorough research is required both on the base itself and on the adjacent soil.
Pits in construction are used in shallow, occasionally medium-sized depressions.
Types of Research
What research options help to produce pits? What it is? What does it matter to assess the condition of the foundation?
To answer these questions, consider the list of research papers:
- The depth of the foundation. Does this value correspond to weight, building height and soil.
- Dimensions Compliance with design documentation.
- Type and strength data.
- Detection of defects and their causes.
- The quality of the materials used. It is detected by sampling and their research in the laboratory.
- Safety and quality of waterproofing.
- Change the vertical.
- Base condition.
- The presence of amplifications.
Such studies help determine the life of the building; the possibility of restoration work, add-ons of an additional floor.
Apparently, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of devices such as a pit for the construction industry.
The negative consequences of the use of pits
Sometimes, when arranging recesses, the following consequences may occur:
- noise during the destruction of concrete structures;
- dirt and dust;
- increase in humidity indicators;
- flooding, if timely pumping of atmospheric waters has not been made;
- violation of the waterproofing of the base;
- the impossibility of operating objects subject to inspection;
- difficulty moving near the surveyed sites.
It is important that all work is done under the guidance of professionals. This will help to avoid a number of negative consequences.
Geodetic surveys and pits
Even at the design stage, the result of geodetic research is important, which allows you to determine the type of soil, the depth of groundwater, the presence of underground utilities and more. These data help determine the type of foundation, its depth and engineering networks, with the type of materials for construction and much more.
Therefore, the application of research using pits at the design stage determines the quality and durability of the future structure. “What are the pits, what is it; their device and features; importance for construction, geodetic and engineering works ”is a relevant and promising topic. Using these devices, you can extend the life of the old building and increase the service life of the building under construction.