A skill is the ability to perform a task with specific results, often over a certain amount of time, energy, or both. Skills can often be divided into general and subject.
For example, in the field of work, some common skills may include time management, teamwork and leadership, self-motivation, and others. While specific ones will only be used for a specific job. A skill usually requires certain environmental incentives and situations to evaluate its level, which will be shown and used. The types of expertise will be described in this article.
General definition
People need a wide range of skills to contribute to the modern economy. A joint study by ASTD and the US Department of Labor showed that technology is changing jobs. Scientists have identified 16 basic skills that employees must have in order to be able to change them.
Difficult skills, also called technical ones, are any skills related to a specific task or situation. They are easily quantifiable, unlike soft ones that are associated with personality.
Skill is a measure of the professionalism of an employee, his specialization, salary and leadership potential. Skilled workers tend to be better trained, better paid, and have more responsibilities than unskilled workers. Special knowledge is very necessary and important in terms of professional growth.
Skilled workers are of historical importance as masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, bakers, brewers, coopers, printers and other professions that are economically productive. Skilled workers often showed political activity through their craft guilds.
Factors
One of the factors that increases the relative demand for skilled labor is the introduction of computers. To manage computers, workers must build up their mental capital to learn how such a mechanism works. Thus, there is an increase in demand for skilled labor. In addition to technological changes in computers, the introduction of electricity also replaces labor (unskilled labor), which changes the demand for labor skills.
Technology
Technology, however, is not the only factor. Trade and the effects of globalization also affect the relative demand for skilled labor. For example, a developed country buys imports from a developing country that uses low-skilled labor to manufacture goods. This, in turn, reduces the demand for low-skilled workers in a developed country. Both of these factors can increase the wages of highly skilled workers in a developed country.
The 2012 EFA Global Monitoring Report proposes a useful approach to the various types of skills related to the world of work. It defines several basic types of skills that all young people need: basic, transferable, technical and professional. The context in which they can be acquired is very important.
Basic knowledge
The main skills on which they are based are the literacy and numeracy skills needed to get a job that pays off enough to meet daily needs. These funds are also a prerequisite for continuing education and training, as well as for acquiring transferable skills, technical and vocational.
Portable skills
Finding and maintaining a job requires a wide range of skills that can be transferred and adapted to different needs and conditions. Transferred skills include problem analysis and the search for appropriate solutions, the effective transfer of ideas and information, creativity, leadership and integrity, and demonstration of entrepreneurial skills. Such skills are developed to some extent outside the school environment. Nevertheless, they can be further developed through education and training. Special knowledge and skills are similar concepts.
Technical and Professional
Many works require special technical know-how, whether growing vegetables, using a sewing machine, masonry or carpentry, working on a computer in an office, and much more. Technical and vocational skills can be acquired through employment programs related to secondary and formal technical and vocational education, or through on-the-job training, including traditional apprenticeships and agricultural cooperatives.
Skilled Workers
A qualified worker is understood to mean any worker who has special skills and special knowledge. He could attend college, university, or college. Or perhaps such a specialist acquired his skills at work. Examples of skilled labor are engineers, software developers, paramedics, police, soldiers, doctors, crane operators, truck drivers, machinists, draftsmen, plumbers, craftsmen, cooks and accountants. These workers are workers with various levels of training or education. Simply put, such an employee is a person with special knowledge.
All jobs require a certain level of skills, skilled workers bring a certain level of knowledge in the performance of their work. For example, a factory worker who inspects new televisions to see if they turn on or off can do the job with little or no knowledge of the internal workings of the TVs. However, someone who repairs televisions will be considered a qualified worker, since such a person will have the knowledge to identify and correct problems with the TV. The availability of specialized knowledge is very important for socialization.
In addition to the general use of the term, various agencies or governments, both federal and local, may require skilled workers to meet additional specializations. These definitions may cover issues such as immigration, licensing, and the right to travel or stay. Professional positions are not seasonal or temporary and require at least two years of experience or training.
Qualified work
Skilled work varies by type (service versus workforce), educational requirements (apprenticeship or college graduate), and accessibility (freelance on call). Many differences are often reflected in title, opportunity, responsibility, and (most importantly) salary.
Both skilled and unskilled workers are vital and necessary for the smooth functioning of the free market and / or capitalist society.
Typically, individual skilled workers are more valuable to a particular company than individual unskilled workers, as skilled workers are generally more difficult to replace. As a result, such employees require more (in terms of financial compensation for their efforts). Corporate managers are willing to raise wages in order to acquire skilled workers, since they consider the lack of such a workforce to be one of the biggest problems of today.
Migration and brain drain
All countries are in the process of change and transition, which makes it possible for skilled workers to migrate from places with lower opportunities to places with more favorable working conditions. Although materialistic rewards play a role in the migration of skilled workers, it is precisely the lack of security, opportunities and suitable rewards in the homeland that makes this mass movement of people from places of lesser development into rich societies possible.
Poaching in education is a concern in developing countries, because the richest countries use the educational resources of countries that least afford to lose the most productive career years of their highly qualified specialists. This factor holds back investment in education in both developing and developed countries, as foreign students and foreign workers limit the ability of citizens in host countries. Some developing countries do not consider the migration of domestic specialists abroad as a leak, but as a profit, a “brain bank” from which the price can be extracted, since these specialists, upon returning with accumulated skills, will contribute to the growth of the motherland (cultural factors contribute to the return of these specialists to long time).
Life knowledge and skills
These are the abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that allow people to effectively cope with life requirements and problems. This concept is also called psychosocial competency. The concept varies greatly depending on social norms and community expectations, but skills that function for well-being and help people develop into active and productive members of their communities are considered life skills.
The UNICEF Evaluation Office assumes that “there is no definite list” of psychosocial skills, however, the foundation lists psychosocial and interpersonal skills that are generally well-oriented and are needed along with literacy and numeracy skills. As they change their meaning from culture to culture and attitudes, they are considered a concept that is flexible. Life skills are a product of synthesis: many of them develop simultaneously with the help of practice, for example, humor, which allows a person to feel control over a situation and makes it more manageable in the long run. This allows a person to get rid of fears, anger and stress and achieve a quality life. The forms of use of special knowledge depend on their type of these.
For example, decision-making often includes critical thinking (“what options do I have?”) And an explanation of values ​​(“what is important to me?”, “How do I feel about this?”). Critical thinking in our country is associated with special scientific knowledge. Ultimately, the interaction between skills is what leads to powerful behavioral outcomes, especially when this approach is supported by other strategies.
Life skills can range from financial literacy through the prevention of substance abuse to therapeutic methods for dealing with disorders such as autism. These questions relate specifically to scientific knowledge.
Life skills are often taught in the process of raising children, either indirectly, through the observation and experience of the child, or directly with the aim of teaching a particular skill. The very upbringing of children can be considered as a set of life skills that can be taught or that are natural to humans. Teaching a person skills related to pregnancy and raising children can also coincide with the development of additional life skills in a child and enable parents to guide their children in adulthood. The application of specialized knowledge directly depends on skills.
Many life skills programs are offered when traditional family structures and healthy relationships break down, whether due to parental neglect, divorce, psychological distress, or problems with children (such as substance abuse or other risky behaviors). For example, the International Labor Organization teaches life skills to former working and at-risk children in Indonesia to help them avoid and recover from the worst forms of abuse. Special knowledge, skills in this regard are very important. They help these guys get rid of their usual worldview in order to improve their lives and benefit society. The objectives of specialized knowledge are thus to make workers more qualified.
Although some life skills programs focus on training in the prevention of certain behaviors, they can be relatively ineffective. Based on its research, the World Ministry of Health and Human Services advocates for the theory of positive youth development (PYD) as a replacement for less effective prevention programs. PYD focuses on the strengths of the individual, as opposed to more outdated models, which tend to focus on the “potential” weaknesses that have yet to be shown. The tasks of specialized knowledge are to provide employees with qualifications and the opportunity to get decent work. The Bureau of Family and Youth Affairs found that people who were trained in life skills through a positive development model identified themselves with a great sense of confidence, usefulness, sensitivity, and openness.
Human knowledge, skills and abilities
What can be said about this? Human special knowledge and skills are models of behavior and behavioral interactions. Among people, this is a general term for skills related to three related sets of abilities: personal effectiveness, interaction skills, and intercession skills. This is a field of study of how a person behaves and how he is perceived independently of his thinking and feelings. The individual is further considered as the dynamics between personal ecology (cognitive, affective, physical and spiritual dimensions) and its interaction with other people's personality styles in numerous environments (life events, institutions, life problems, etc.). These are the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way, especially in business or personal effectiveness skills. In business, it is the connection between people on a humane level to achieve their goals. As you can see, the use of specialized knowledge is important for efficiency.
Social
A social skill is any competency that facilitates interaction and communication with other people when social rules and relationships are created, transmitted and changed verbally and non-verbally. The process of learning these skills is called socialization. For socialization, interpersonal skills are needed to communicate with each other. Interpersonal skills are interpersonal actions that a person uses to interact with other people that are associated with dominance and submission, love and hate, belonging to aggression and categories of control and autonomy. Positive interpersonal skills include, but are not limited to persuasion, active listening, delegation, and leadership. A healthy social interest, which includes more than just being in a group, is necessary for well-functioning social skills. Social psychology is an academic discipline that deals with research related to social skills and studies how they are acquired by a person through changes in attitudes, thinking, and behavior.
General knowledge
General knowledge and skills are a combination of people’s skills, social and communication skills, personality traits, attitudes, career qualities, social intelligence and emotional intelligence factors among others that allow people to navigate their environment, work well with others, do the right job and achieve their goals with additional skills. General and special knowledge are desirable qualities for certain forms of employment that are not dependent on acquired knowledge: they include common sense, the ability to communicate with people and a positive flexible attitude.
Research
Special knowledge is a combination of productive personal qualities that characterize a person’s relationship in the environment. These skills may include social graces, communication skills, language skills, personal habits, cognitive or emotional empathy, time management, teamwork, and leadership skills. , , : , . - . , , .
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Abilities
Special knowledge and skills are an important part of their individual contribution to the success of the organization. Organizations that deal with clients face to face are generally more successful if they promote certain programs for employees to develop communication skills in them. Remuneration for personal habits or traits, such as reliability and integrity, can bring significant benefits to workers. For this reason, employers are increasingly looking for soft skills in addition to standard qualifications. Some studies have shown that 75% of long-term job success is the result of soft skills and only 25% of technical ones. Therefore, the concept of specialized knowledge is as important as cognitive / technical skills.
Procedural
Procedural or imperative knowledge is the knowledge used in the performance of a task. This is a form of specialized knowledge.
In some legal systems, they are considered the intellectual property of a company and may be transferred upon purchase of that company.
One of the limitations of procedural knowledge is its work-dependent nature. As a result, it tends to be less general than declarative knowledge. For example, a computer expert may have knowledge of a computer algorithm in several languages ​​or in pseudo-code, but a Visual Basic programmer can know only specific implementations of this algorithm written in Visual Basic. Thus, the practical knowledge and experience of a Visual Basic programmer can be of commercial value, for example, only for Microsoft workstations. The use of specialized knowledge is very important in such companies.
One of the advantages of procedural knowledge is that it can include more feelings, such as practical experience, problem solving practice, understanding the limitations of a particular solution, etc. Thus, they can often overshadow the theory. Special knowledge and skills are often synonymous with each other.