Each working person receives a reward called wages. Differentiation of wages is a concept that everyone has heard about at least once. That's just its value, few are interested. Well, it’s worth talking about this topic and noting the main points regarding it.
Definition
Everyone knows what wages are. Differentiation of wages is a concept derived from the Latin word differentia. It is translated into Russian as “difference”. English difference, by the way, means the same thing. This term always means the allocation of a certain part from a single one. Whatever it is. But, of course, this selection always occurs on certain grounds.
And differentiation of wages, as you might have guessed, means a significant difference in people's income levels.
Influencing factors
Of course, supply and demand plays a role. But there are much more important factors that affect the amount of salary.
Firstly, the quantity and quality of labor. Secondly, the conditions under which a person has to work. Thirdly, it is labor qualification. And also the type of human activity, the cost of living (and such a concept exists), the minimum wage (acts as a social guarantee), as well as the wage policy.
These factors affect the size of the salary of specific workers or their individual groups. Practice knows the industry differentiation of wages, territorial and professional. And also the difference in working conditions and categories of workers.
Causes
One or another amount of income is always associated with human well-being. The fact that today some people receive more money and others less is not a secret. Such unevenness is determined by certain reasons for the differentiation of wages.
The first is one of the most significant. And these are differences in physical and intellectual abilities. Also important is the level of education, qualifications, professional qualities, and even willingness to take risks.
The second reason lies in motivation and hard work. Each person does not work like the other. There are workaholics who spend a good half day at work, do not take vacations, and constantly achieve their increase in hard work and love of work. And there are apathetic "workers." They spent only 15 minutes at work, and already look impatiently at the clock. Not surprisingly, these people can occupy the same position for decades - they have no excitement.
The third reason is the profession. It is logical that the sales consultant in the store will earn an order of magnitude less than the financial director of a large company.
The fourth reason that occurs in the system of differentiation of wages of workers is luck, luck, discrimination, size and composition of the family.
And finally, the last factor. The 5th reason is the possession of some property. Why is the accumulation of wealthy people constantly increasing? Because they invest their earned money in banks, real estate, other values, thereby doubling them. And insolvent people cannot afford this, since they do not have savings.
Limitations
There are many other factors of wage differentiation. Attention should be noted geographical restrictions. Each of us is familiar with this. And we are talking about a difference in salaries, which does not depend on the life or working conditions of people. This refers to a different ratio of supply and demand in certain regional labor markets. It is logical that in Moscow a media worker will receive more than in Crimea. After all, it is not even necessary to voice in which place the media are better developed, where they are more significant, and how the technical base differs. As, in fact, the requirements for employees.
Still need to say about institutional constraints. These are artificial “frames”. They limit the mobility of employees. When, for example, a guild union limits the number of its members, it automatically prevents workers from moving to another region where wages are higher. All because of the fear of not being accepted in a new place in the union.
And there are sociological limitations. And many consider this the most outrageous factor. Despite the existence of relevant laws, there is often a differentiation of wages in the enterprise by gender, nationality and citizenship.
Other nuances
Another difference in salaries is often explained by investments in human capital. These are the so-called expenses aimed at increasing the quality of the workforce. And, of course, performance. This primarily includes payment for education. General, special, retraining, advanced training, etc.
Health expenditures are also included in the list of reasons for the difference in salaries. Needless to say, even if payment for an increase in the number of jobs was also decided to be included in this category. Although, if you go into details, this is far from an investment in a person. This is the development of the means of a company / company / concern, etc.
Tariffs
Talking about what constitutes the differentiation of wage rates, and for what reasons it exists, one cannot fail to note one interesting thing. Namely, the fact that in the days of the USSR they developed a unified state tariff system. What is she like? The set of standards by which a country performs the regulation of salary levels. These are district salary ratios , rate nets, rates, qualification guides and much more.
By the way, here is the last one in more detail. The reference book is such a weighty collection that contains the characteristics of various types of labor and specializations. And also the requirements that apply to the skills and knowledge of a potential employee in a particular field.
The notorious tariff grid is designed to regulate wages, depending on how skilled a person is. And the rate, as everyone knows, determines the salary of an employee of a certain category. Since 1992, the Russian Federation has had a single tariff schedule. It includes 18 rank bets. In this case, the very first, minimum, corresponds to the minimum wage.
Promotions
All of the above are the main aspects relating to such a thing as wages. The differentiation of wages, in addition, also includes allowances and surcharges. Professionals who perform complex, difficult, dangerous, important, urgent, intensive work are always paid more. Money compensates for their load and expended effort. The same overtime is a prime example. Or teacher surcharges for the fact that they are "extended" or take a particular class under their leadership.
It should be noted that certain premiums are required. And so that the company does not “forget” about them, the relevant law was adopted and the Labor Code was established.
Everyone knows such a thing as a premium. This is an incentive reward for achieving certain performance indicators. Each production has bonus provisions that describe all the conditions that a person who wants to receive a reward must follow.
Payment Specifics
It is worth noting that there is not only a fixed salary. Differentiation of wages still depends on the form and type of work. This refers to the process itself. There is, for example, the so-called system of floating salaries. Or remuneration on a commission basis. Often freelancers (people working remotely) receive more than those people who go to work on purpose. Because they, as a rule, pay for a unit of labor, and not for the time spent.
Suppose a good artist was ordered a painting for 30,000 rubles. He, being a master of his craft, wrote it in five days. And he received clearly more than the same school teacher of fine arts. While he will receive his salary at the end of the month for holding a certain number of lessons.
On incentive pay
This aspect is also worth mentioning, telling about such a topic as wage differentiation in Russia.
So, the size of the "stimulating" in any case depends on two major factors. The first is the initial s / n value. It is she who always determines the problem of the level of income. The initial value is the price of the work performed by a person. Naturally, if a person receives 70,000 rubles a month by making efforts commensurate with payment, then his bonus cannot be 1,000 rubles.
And the second factor is social justice. The difference in salary levels between employees of higher and lower qualifications should be justified and reasoned.
How are things at enterprises?
A couple of words should be said about how differentiation of wages is determined at one or another company. Dependencies, causes and factors influencing the difference were listed above. And now you can tell how it is determined by the heads of enterprises.
The basis is legislation. And, starting from its provisions, a wage system is being built. First of all, the specifics of production are taken into account. What features of labor organization take place on it, the nature of the services / manufactured products, the specifics of the personnel structure and its composition.
Then, a project for the organization of remuneration is developed. All is checked several times, errors and shortcomings are eliminated, objectivity is analyzed. And, importantly, staff should be involved in the process. Workers who promote the enterprise with their labor must also say their own thing so that the differentiation of wage levels is as objective as possible. And this would not hurt everyone to remember. People are often shy or afraid to ask for promotions or bonuses. But in vain. When a person is really hardworking, benefits the enterprise, overfulfills the plan, or shows himself better than others - he has the right to declare himself if the employer does not notice.
Social aspect
Of course, financial, economic, legal and organizational aspects are very important. Their whole essence was listed above. But in the end I would like to say a few words about the social component.
Differentiation - this is what should increase the efficiency of use of certain resources. The difference traced in salary levels is obliged to stimulate specialists and employees to improve and improve their careers. A simple example: there is a large media holding. For its benefit people of the most diverse specializations are working. Starting with secretaries, proofreaders and facilitators, ending with chief editors, editors and cameramen. As soon as a journalist settled for a probationary period, he knows that at first they will be paid 30,000 rubles (for example). But he also knows that the special correspondent receives twice as much. There is an incentive to grow, work, show yourself as a good employee, and even overfulfill the plan. This is called perspective.
Negative factor
However, some types of differentiation only worsen the situation. And no economic efficiency is observed. People have been working at the enterprise for five years, ten, fifteen - and all the time they have been occupying the same position, receiving minor increases every couple of years. And the director, administrators and deputies every year buy the latest phone models, change cars and attach floors to summer houses. Exaggerated, of course, but such and similar situations are not uncommon. And such a pronounced differentiation only depresses workers and discourages any desire to work for the good of the enterprise. This is social injustice. It should not be. And you have to fight it.