As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important component of its artistic means. The correct use of vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.
In the context, the word is a special world, a mirror of author's perception and attitude to reality. The literary text has its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its own special truths, called artistic revelations, the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.
The individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is, first of all, the self-expression of an individual person. Literary fabric is interwoven from metaphors that create an exciting and affecting image of an artistic work. Additional meanings appear in the words, a special stylistic coloring, creating a kind of world that we discover for ourselves by reading the text.
Not only in literary, but also in oral, colloquial speech, we use, without hesitation, various techniques of artistic expressiveness to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, imagery. Let's see what artistic techniques are in the Russian language.
The use of metaphors is especially conducive to creating expressiveness, so let's start with them.
Metaphor
Artistic techniques in literature cannot be imagined without mentioning the most important of them - metaphors. This is a way to create a linguistic picture of the world based on the meanings already available in the language itself.
Types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:
- Petrified, worn, dry or historical (boat nose, eye of a needle).
- Phraseologisms are stable figurative combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphor, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (deadlock, vicious circle, etc.).
- A single metaphor (for example, a homeless heart).
- Unfolded (heart - "porcelain bell in yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilev).
- Traditional poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
- Individual author's (hump of the sidewalk).
In addition, the metaphor at the same time can be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, periphrase, meiosis, lithota and other paths.
The word "metaphor" itself means "transfer" in Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of the name from one subject to another. In order for it to become possible, they certainly must have some kind of similarity, they must be somewhat related. A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects on some basis.
As a result of such a transfer, an image is created. Therefore, a metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressing artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this path does not mean the lack of expressiveness of the work.
A metaphor can be either simple or detailed. In the twentieth century, the use of the unfolded in poetry revives, and the character of the simple changes significantly.
Metonymy
Metonymy is one of the varieties of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means "renaming", that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a word by another on the basis of the existing adjacency of two concepts, objects, etc. This is an overlap on the direct meaning of the figurative. For example: "I ate two plates." The mixing of values, their transfer is possible because the objects are adjacent, and the adjacency can be in time, in space, etc.
Synecdoche
Sinekdoha is a kind of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means "correlation." Such a transfer of meaning occurs when the smaller is called instead of the larger, or vice versa; instead of a part, the whole, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow."
Epithet
Artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are currently compiling, cannot be imagined without an epithet. This is a figure, a trope, a figurative definition, a phrase or a word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action from a subjective author’s position.
Translated from Greek, this term means "attached, application," that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.
Epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness.
Permanent epithets are used in folklore as a means of typing, as well as one of the most important means of artistic expression. In the strict sense of the term, only those of them belong to the paths, the function of which are words in a figurative sense, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed in words in a direct sense (red berry, beautiful flowers). Figurative are created by using words in a figurative meaning. Such epithets are commonly called metaphorical. A metonymic name transfer can also underlie this trail.
Oxymoron is a kind of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, which form combinations with defined nouns of words that are opposite to them in meaning (hating love, joyful sadness).
Comparison
Comparison is a trope in which one subject is characterized by comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of various objects by similarity, which can be either obvious or unexpected, distant. Usually it is expressed with the help of certain words: “exactly”, “as if”, “like”, “like”. Comparisons can also take the form of instrumental case.
Personification
Describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention the personification. This is a kind of metaphor that represents the appropriation of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often it is created through appeals to similar natural phenomena as conscious living beings. The personification is also the transfer of human properties to animals.
Hyperbole and litota
We note such techniques of artistic expression in literature as hyperbole and litota.
Hyperbola (in translation - "exaggeration") is one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what is being said.
Litota (translated - "simplicity") is the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is at stake (a boy with a finger, a peasant with a marigold).
Sarcasm, irony and humor
We continue to describe artistic techniques in the literature. Our list will complement sarcasm, irony and humor.
- Sarcasm means "tearing meat" in Greek. This is an evil irony, a caustic mockery, a caustic remark. When using sarcasm, a comic effect is created, however, an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt.
- Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery." It arises when one is said in words, but a completely different, opposite is meant.
- Humor is one of the lexical means of expression, which means "mood" or "temper" in translation. In a comic, allegorical vein, sometimes whole works can be written in which a mockingly good-natured attitude towards something is felt. For example, the story "Chameleon" by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.
Types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to your attention the following.
Grotesque
The most important artistic techniques in literature include the grotesque. The word grotesque means intricate, bizarre. This artistic technique is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the work of, for example, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ("Lord Golovlev", "The History of a City", fairy tales). This is an artistic device based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of a hyperbola.
Sarcasm, irony, humor and grotesque are popular artistic techniques in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, "Gulliver's Journey").
What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel “Lord Golovlev”? Of course, grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic techniques in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you see, are very often used by Russian writers.
Pun
A pun is a figure of speech, which is an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that occurs when two or more meanings of a word are used in the context or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zevgma, and concretization.
In puns, puns are based on homonymy and polysemy. Of these, jokes arise. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A.P. Chekhov.
Speech figure - what is it?
The word "figure" in Latin is translated as "appearance, shape, image." The word is ambiguous. What does this term mean in relation to artistic speech? The syntactic means of expression related to the figures: rhetorical exclamations, questions, appeals.
What is a trail?
"What is the name of an artistic technique that uses a figurative word?" - you ask. The term "paths" combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoha, litota, hyperbole, personification and others. Translated, the word "trope" means "turnover". Artistic differs from ordinary speech in that special revolutions are applied in it, decorating the speech, making it more expressive. Different styles use different expressive means. The most important in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a text, a work of art to exert an aesthetic, emotional effect on the reader, to create poetic paintings and vivid images.
We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, others, on the contrary, excite, alarms, cause anxiety, calm or induce a dream. Different sounds evoke different images. Using their combination, you can emotionally affect a person. Reading art works of literature and Russian folk art, we are especially keen to perceive their sound.
Basic techniques for creating sound expression
- Alliteration is a repetition of similar or identical consonants.
- Assonance is the intentional harmonious repetition of vowels.
Often alliteration and assonance are used in works simultaneously. These techniques are designed to evoke various associations in the reader.
Acceptance of sound recordings in fiction
Soundwriting is an artistic technique, which is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a specific image, that is, the selection of words that mimic the sounds of the real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and in prose.
Types of sound recording:
- Assonance - translated from French means "consonance." Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowels in a text to create a specific sound image. It contributes to the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in rhythm, rhyme of poems.
- Alliteration - from the Greek "letter". This technique is a repetition of consonants in a literary text to create some kind of sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
- Onomatopoeia - the transfer of special words, reminiscent of the sounds of the phenomena of the world, auditory impressions.
These artistic techniques in verse are very common, without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.