The redevelopment of their homes, including in panel houses, today is done by many property owners. This procedure usually allows you to improve the apartment, not only in terms of comfort, but also aesthetics.
One of the main operations performed during the redevelopment is the arrangement of openings in the walls. Such work, of course, needs to be done with the exact observance of all the required technologies and only after coordination with the relevant authorities. An improperly arranged opening in the load-bearing wall of a panel house can cause distortion, cracking, or even collapse of its critical structures.
Where can i do
Depending on the function performed, the walls in urban apartments can be:
Making openings is allowed in both of these types of enclosing structures. Bearing walls in the apartment perform a very important task - they support the floor slabs of the overlying floor. The law permits them to make openings in them, but not in all places. It is possible to break through such enclosing structures only if this procedure does not weaken the building structures. If the opening in the load-bearing wall of the prefabricated house is made with violations, this will certainly affect the performance and service life of the entire high-rise building. For such an illegal redevelopment, apartment owners are punished by a fine.
Punching an opening in a curtain wall to any sad consequences for building structures, of course, cannot lead. However, such an operation is still officially considered a redevelopment and, accordingly, requires clearance. In this case, the scheme of the apartment will definitely need to be amended. That is, remove blocked doors from the drawing and mark new ones.
Doorway in the load-bearing wall of the panel house: coordination
Which functions a particular wall in an apartment performs can be found in the diagram in the data sheet. The load-bearing enclosing structures in this drawing will be marked with thick lines. Punching an opening in a curtain wall can be done without first visiting the controlling organization. In this case, after the work is completed, you will only need to contact the BTI to make the necessary changes to the data sheet.
Before proceeding with the organization of the opening in the bearing wall of the panel house, you need to collect all the necessary documents and send them to the Housing Inspectorate (for residential apartments) or to the prefecture (for non-residential premises). Papers for obtaining permission for redevelopment in this case will need the following:
- technical passport of the room;
- conclusion on the possibility of arranging the opening;
- redevelopment project;
- permits from Rospotrebnadzor, DEZ, fire services.
In exactly the same way, a procedure such as expanding the opening in the load-bearing wall of a panel house should be performed. Such an operation, of course, can also cause weakening of high-rise structures.
Who to contact
The conclusion about the possibility of punching a new opening is given by the organization that once designed the house. If such a company no longer exists, you can apply to any other company of similar specialization that has the appropriate license.
In order to get a redevelopment project, engineers will need to call home. Specialists will take measurements and give the necessary recommendations regarding the possibility of arranging the opening, as well as a suitable location.
Responsibility
Sometimes apartment owners break through new doors in the bearing walls of prefabricated houses without prior approval and execution of this procedure. If such illegal redevelopment in the apartment is subsequently revealed, property owners will be required to write a fine. The amount for the arbitrarily made doorway in the supporting wall, including the panel house, most likely, you will have to pay a small amount. However, if the housing commission reveals the fact that the changes made to the layout of the apartment caused the weakening of the house structures, the owners will be obliged to return everything to their places. That is, the money for repairs in this case will be wasted.
Moreover, it may turn out that the owner of the apartment will not be able to properly correct the consequences of his rash actions. In this case, he will have to contact the organization that was involved in the design and construction of the house. Builders can ask for a very large amount for rebuilding the wall or even refuse to do this work. In the latter case, the apartment can even be put up for auction by law.
An existing opening in the bearing wall of a panel house: how to legalize
To coordinate such a redevelopment is necessary in advance. Legalization of an existing opening is a rather complicated and time-consuming procedure. In this case, the apartment owners will also have to contact the building designer or any other licensed company of the same specialization. Next, you will need to follow the instructions given by the engineers. Most likely, experts will oblige the owners of the apartment to either lay an opening in a panel load-bearing wall, or to carry out any work to strengthen it. In any case, a fine to property owners who have completed an illegal redevelopment will be mandatory.
Rules for arranging openings in panel houses
Such redevelopment is carried out in apartment buildings, of course, in compliance with certain standards. Technologically, in principle, it is not difficult to make an opening in the bearing wall of a panel house. However, before this, it is usually necessary to perform rather complicated calculations. First of all, it will be necessary to determine the stress vector of the building envelope. Such work is usually done by specialists. But to find out whether such a redevelopment is possible at all and whether it is worth contacting the design organization, an approximate preliminary calculation, of course, can be done independently. To do this, you will need to use special tables or a special online program on the Internet.
In most cases, engineers, among other things, instruct apartment owners to reinforce new openings in panel walls. It is supposed to carry out such a procedure using a corner, for example, at 100x63x8 mm. The channel, according to existing standards, is categorically not allowed for this purpose.
Also, according to the SNIP, relies on equipping openings at a distance of at least 1 m from adjacent walls or existing doors. When punching, in no case should you touch columns and columns or joints between floor slabs, beams, etc.
The width of the doorways in the bearing walls of standard panel houses, according to the standards, cannot be more than 90 cm. Only in some cases can the housing commission give permission to increase this parameter to 120 cm.
Necessary tools and materials
As soon as permission from the housing commission is obtained, you can proceed to actually punching the wall. Better, of course, to entrust the implementation of this work to specialists. But if you want to make an opening in the wall, guided by the recommendations given by the engineer, you can do it yourself. Norms of this do not prohibit in any case.
However, to make an opening in the wall of a panel house with your own hands, of course, you need to strictly comply with all the required technologies.
Of course, you can make an opening in a panel wall in the old fashioned way. That is, use a hammer, hammer and sledgehammer for this purpose. But still it is better to spend a little money and purchase special equipment for diamond cutting to perform such work. When using such a tool, the cut along the entire contour of the opening will turn out to be perfectly smooth, which will save money and effort on its decoration.
In addition, tools will need to be prepared:
- roulette wheel;
- level;
- construction square.
From the materials you will need:
- cement and sand;
- putty;
- paint grater;
- anchor;
- paint.
How to punch an opening correctly
With diamond cutting, this procedure is quick and easy. Before you start punching the opening, of course, you need to mark the wall. This work should be carried out strictly using the building level or, even better, the level.
Several technologies can be used for punching openings in panel walls using diamond cutting. But most often, unnecessary parts of the panels with such a redevelopment are removed gradually - in small segments, which are subsequently taken out of the apartment. In some cases, the opening can be cut out and immediately completely in one go. When using this technology, a remote piece of the wall by several people is laid first, for example, on car tires. Further, in order to take out the panel “rectangle” so cut out of the apartment, it is broken into pieces with a hammer or sledgehammer.
Opening reinforcement
This procedure when performing redevelopment, as already mentioned, is supposed to be done using multi-gender corners. The channels for this purpose are not suitable because they do not fit too tightly to the edges of the opening. That is, to make sufficiently reliable supports using such material does not work. The procedure for strengthening the opening in the load-bearing wall of a panel house is usually carried out as follows:
- cutting out a corner, according to the parameters of the opening;
- weld an integral reinforcing structure of two racks and a lintel;
- install the frame in the aperture and firmly fix it with anchors.
Rules for the assembly of the reinforcing structure
The elements of the reinforcing frame are welded together using steel wedges. Before installing the reinforcing structure, metal heels are attached to the floor slab of the house. To fix such supports under the racks also relies on the anchor.
Finish options
A broken and fortified opening at the final stage must, of course, be given an aesthetic appearance. After the frame from the corners is installed in place, all voids between it and the panel wall should be sealed with cement mortar.
Sometimes new interior doors are installed in new openings in apartments. But quite often they are simply left uncovered. There are only two options for finishing such openings:
- standard - without design change;
- arched - with a change in configuration.
In the first case, the opening is usually finished using white PVC panels or “wood-like” or plaster. Both that and another way allow to make a wall rather esthetic.
Arched openings in the bearing walls of a prefabricated house (as well as in non-bearing) are usually arranged in rooms when GKL is used for their decoration. In such sheets, the top of the opening is cut out in the form of an arc. From below this curved section is hemmed with a bent strip of hyposkarton.