Experienced mushroom pickers bypass far the mushroom appearing in our forests by the end of summer under the name "galerine bordered", which is classified as poisonous.
general description
Galerins are small-sized soil and wood saprophytes of the Cortinariaceae family. The main symptoms are yellowish-brown hats with attached plates and brown spore powder. The determination of species is sometimes difficult, because these signs are not so obvious. In total, there are up to several hundred species of gallery. In different sources, these data differ, so it is difficult to talk about the exact amount. Significant adjustments were made as a result of ongoing genetic studies of fungi belonging to this genus. Among them, a galerine fringed is considered extremely poisonous, a photo of which and a description are presented in this article.
Appearance
A small hat with a diameter of not more than 4 cm has a conical shape at the growth stage, and at maturity it becomes convex-spread, sometimes even flat. A small tubercle usually remains in the center.
The edges of the cap are slightly bellied, slightly translucent. With high humidity, a matte smooth surface is covered with sticky mucus. Frequent plates in a young mushroom can be covered with a white fibrous film.
The color of the cap is largely dependent on humidity. In wet weather, it has a rather bright red, brownish or yellow-brown color. Stripes of plates are visible through lighter, almost translucent edges. In the dry period, the galerine fringed acquires a more dull pale yellow color.
The cylindrical thin leg of this fungus with a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 cm can have a height of 5–7 cm. Its upper part is lighter, has a white deposition, and the lower is darker, with time it becomes almost brown. On the leg is a leathery, slightly raised ring, which disappears with age. Spores are fine brownish-rusty powder.
Habitat
Fungi galerin edged almost everywhere, is most often found in Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, North America, Russia and even Australia.
It lives mainly in marshy and forested areas. It grows, as a rule, on decayed wood of coniferous or deciduous species, near trunks, on stumps, and is occasionally found on moss-covered soil.
The fungus receives nutrients through the breakdown of organic matter. The dissolution of polysaccharides occurs due to secreted enzymes of most major classes.
Usually a galerine appears bordered already in June, but the mass yield of these mushrooms occurs from August to October, and with prolonged warm autumn, you can meet them in November. Most often grow alone. Fruiting usually occurs in September and lasts until November.
Microscopy
A very variable species is the galerine fringed. Photos taken with a microscope confirm the fact that the spores of this fungus are most diverse. There are options with an enlarged perisporium, and with almost completely free, with sometimes expressed to varying degrees, or with its absence.
The spores are almond-shaped, wrinkled, measuring 7–10 × 5.5–7 microns. Pleurocystids have a fusiform shape, their neck at the apex is slightly rounded.
Toxicity
Galerine skirted - a very poisonous mushroom containing the same toxins that includes pale grebe. Its toxicity has been known for over 100 years, starting in 1912, when the first fatal case was recorded in the United States. Then reports of fatal galerin poisoning appeared repeatedly. Only in the period from 1978 to 1995, 11 cases of serious poisoning were recorded, 5 of which ended in death. The remaining six patients in Michigan, Kansas and Ohio successfully completed treatment.
Signs of poisoning do not appear immediately, but a day after eating mushrooms. The first symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, excessive urination, and chills. After 3 days, these symptoms subside, a period of apparent improvement begins. But soon signs of jaundice appear, and the person dies as a result of impaired liver function. Often mistaken for another mushroom, edible galerine enters the food. How to distinguish her, so as not to become another victim, you can learn from this article.
The toxicity of the fungus is due to the presence of alpha and beta-amantine toxins in it. These are bicyclic peptides, very toxic, but slow-acting. The fresh content of amatoxins is 78–270 mcg per 1 gram of the fruit body, which is much higher than in the pale grebe that grows in Europe. This concentration can kill a child weighing 20 kg by eating a dozen medium-sized mushrooms.
Galerine bordered - how to distinguish from honey mushrooms
The most similar poisonous galerina has with a summer open air. It is with him that her beginner mushroom pickers are most often confused. To avoid misunderstandings, you should know the features of the appearance of each of these mushrooms and show maximum vigilance when collecting them. You should never look for mushrooms in the coniferous forest - they do not grow there, but for the gallery it is a favorite habitat. It usually grows singly or in small clusters. Honey mushrooms, as a rule, are located in large groups. In addition, they have a pronounced ring on the leg, which is absent in the poisonous mushroom.
With the slightest doubt about the mushrooms found, it is better to leave them in the forest and not expose yourself to mortal risk.