In order to deeply reveal such an important and relevant issue as the educational system of preschool education, it is necessary to recall the history of preschool pedagogy.
Theoretical Foundations of Preschool Educators
A full-fledged open lesson in the preparatory group is a widely used form of the educational process in Kindergarten. At one time, the Polish educator
Jan Comenius justified the need for classes in teaching preschoolers.
KD Ushinsky put forward the thesis about the relationship between classes in kindergarten and lessons in elementary school. A. P. Usova developed the basics of raising children in a preschool educational institution, and it was also proved that an open lesson in the preparatory group helps to develop a child and prepare him for school.
Preschool Education Levels
Teachers distinguish two basic levels of knowledge that children master in Kindergarten.
- The first level is elementary knowledge acquired by preschoolers as a result of communication with peers, other people, during the game.
- The second level is the knowledge and skills acquired by children in the learning process.
There are also three types of educational preschool activities that are directly related to the cognitive motives of babies:
- the ability to carefully listen to the information provided in the lesson and follow the instructions of the older ones along the way and methods of implementation;
- the ability to evaluate the work that is being done during the thematic lesson in the company of not only the teacher, but also the peers of the preschooler;
- the ability to achieve goals, finding the only right solution for this or several alternative options that, with some refinement with the tutor, will help achieve the solution to the problem.
The importance of educational activities in the DOE
Any open lesson in the preparatory group is considered an active means of education for preschool children.
Leading educators and children's psychologists studied the issues related to the use of classes as the main form of frontal education for preschool children.
In modern preschool pedagogy (GEF), also an open lesson in the preparatory group has a positive impact on personal and intellectual development, as well as on the full preparation for school.
Forms and methods of classes in the DOE
In this period of time there is a constant improvement of extracurricular activities in various directions: the content of preschool education is constantly becoming more complicated and expanding, and a search for effective forms of interconnection between different types of activities is ongoing. Increasingly, for example, educators try to conduct an open lesson in the preparatory group on ecology in the form of a game, thereby increasing the interest in preschool children in learning.
Currently, many educators are moving from group lessons to working in small groups. This trend allows you to improve the quality of education, because with an individual approach, children quickly learn theoretical material, get practical skills.
On current trends in the system of preschool education
Among the new trends that are actively used in preschool institutions, it is necessary to highlight the construction of systems of developing activities in different areas. Gradually, the tasks offered in the classes become more complicated, the teachers try to bring the preschool children as close as possible to the normal life in order to create favorable conditions for the personal and intellectual development of the kids.
What are the forms of preschool education?
It is customary to highlight such forms of preschool education:
In the DOE, time is allocated for extracurricular activities, individual work with children. By the content of preschool education it is customary to understand the following activities:
- sports;
- subject-game;
- labor;
- productive;
- role-playing plot.
On the structure and characteristic features of classes with preschoolers
There are special programs for which preschool teachers work. The very open lesson in the preparatory group for mathematics in FGT has a clear structure, it is determined by the specifics and content of the activities of preschoolers.
Regardless of such factors, at any additional lesson there should be three parts that are interconnected by the methodology and content, these are: the beginning of the event, the course of the lesson, and also the end.
Class start
Beginning an open lesson in the preparatory group in mathematics, the teacher should set up the children for the upcoming activity, switch their attention, emotionally set up the children, clearly explain the essence of the task. Based on these explanations, the children formulate their action plan, they must understand what is the algorithm of the assignment, and what result should be obtained.
Class progress
The very open lesson in the preparatory group for the world around (or another discipline) is an independent mental or practical activity of preschoolers, which consists in the assimilation of certain skills and knowledge delivered by the educator at the beginning of the lesson. This stage of the lesson involves the individualization of techniques and training in full accordance with the specifics of thinking, the rate of assimilation, the level of development of the child. At this stage, appeals to preschoolers are possible only in emergency cases when the baby is mistaken. For those preschoolers who have attention, a good memory, the ability to compare, analyze, the teacher should provide minimal assistance.
For example, if an open lesson is held in the preparatory group for the application, it is enough to remind, direct, give advice to the pupil and give him a chance on his own to find a way out of this situation.
Class completion
The educator must see the end result of the activities of preschoolers in order to assess its growth, the formation of certain skills. It is advisable that the open lesson in the preparatory group for the world around us conclude with a debriefing, an assessment of the activities of the kids. There is a direct correlation between the age of children, their individual characteristics and the complexity of the educational tasks assigned to them.
Each part of a lesson in a preschool educational institution may have its own specific features, it all depends on the goals set, as well as on the section taken for the lesson. For example, an open lesson in the preparatory group for teaching literacy pursues such a goal as the correct pronunciation of difficult words, the ability to build certain sentences. If the teacher uses private methods in their work, they have clear recommendations at each stage of the lesson, and also involve reflection.
After the open lesson in the preparatory group in mathematics is completed, the teacher analyzes the development of program tasks by children, outlines the plan and content of subsequent classes.
The structure of classes in the preschool presupposes the presence of a test of knowledge, skills and abilities of preschool children. Such a check is carried out in the process of observing the behavior of children during classes, analyzing the results of their work and the behavior of the kids during the game.
On the classification of classes in kindergartens
Today, a special classification of all classes conducted with children of preschool age is used. Depending on the assigned didactic task, for example, an open lesson in the preparatory group for ecology can be divided into the following types:
- necessary for mastering skills, new knowledge;
- to consolidate existing skills;
- creative and applied classes;
- combined classes conducted to solve various educational problems.
According to the content of knowledge, all classes in the preschool educational institution are supposed to be divided:
- to classical classes conducted in certain sections of training;
- to integrated lessons that involve several educational sections at once.
Any open lesson in the preparatory group on the topic of space can be considered combined, able to immediately solve various didactic problems (tell children about stars, space research, develop their creative abilities).
Regarding the content of classes in Kindergarten, we note that you can use knowledge from several different fields of activity at once, so that the baby will have a single idea of the world around him. Integrated classes are fully consistent with the concept of the development of a child’s personality. For the preschool educational institution, classes are planned in the following areas:
- acquaintance with the outside world;
- development of speech of preschool children;
- design and visual activity;
- music lessons;
- Physical Culture;
- the formation of elementary physical education.
There are certain requirements for preschool education programs (GEF), on their basis and individual programs for the development of preschool children are created.
The program of any lesson in the preschool educational institution should include:
- certain volumes of knowledge about the qualities and properties of objects, their changes, interconnections of action algorithms, primary assimilation, expansion of knowledge, consolidation, as well as their generalization;
- the amount of practical skills in case of training in productive forms of activity;
- about the number of skills required for effective educational and cognitive activities, their initial formation and improvement, as well as application.
The size of the educational content in the lesson takes into account the amount of memory, the concentration of attention of preschool children, their mental performance.
Among the various forms of classes in the preschool educational institution, cognitive excursions occupy a special place. During the excursions, the teacher manages to solve both educational and educational problems.