Any building - a residential high-rise building, a miniature cottage, an office skyscraper or a nondescript extension on a summer cottage in order to fully function and withstand all loads, must comply with the requirements and standards. No building can consist only of thin enclosing partitions and can not be erected by structures directly on the ground, without installing a foundation and foundation. In any building, there are load-bearing and enclosing structures that perform various functions and are designed depending on many values: snow and wind loads, constant load, and also taking into account such parameters as the dead weight of the structure, dynamic and static effects (moving people inside the building , the presence of furniture and appliances).
Types of buildings by type of supporting structures
Depending on what layout of load-bearing elements is chosen for the construction of the building, they can be divided into several types. The first type is when only walls are used as load-bearing elements; in this case, the
load-bearing walls can be located along and across the building, and sometimes a mixed type is used. Such a calculation of load-bearing structures is often used in the
design of residential buildings, since, in addition to performing the function of the load-bearing element, the walls also serve as partitions between different rooms. If we are talking about industrial buildings, then columns are often used as supporting structures. But if an industrial extension is required for an industrial building, a combined type of layout is often used: columns and load-bearing walls. In any case, the supporting and
enclosing structures are selected depending on the purpose of the building.
Materials
What materials are used for the manufacture of building envelopes and supporting elements? As a rule, it is reinforced concrete and brick. If we are talking about a frame diagram of a building with load-bearing columns, then both reinforced concrete and metal elements can be used. Then, reinforced concrete wall panels, brickwork, reinforced concrete and foam blocks are used as enclosing structures. In addition, other materials can be used - wood, corrugated board, sandwich panels, etc. For the construction of residential buildings with a frameless skeleton, as a rule, reinforced concrete, brick, natural stone are used. If a decision is made to use reinforced concrete, then panels, plates and blocks of the required sizes are ordered. Brick is placed in one or two rows. The wall thickness is selected depending on what needs to be erected - supporting and enclosing structures, or we are talking about partitions, which can be an order of magnitude thinner. Another building envelope includes floor slabs that divide the building in a horizontal plane.
Additives
If we are talking about the construction of a residential building, then the supporting and enclosing structures, in addition to ensuring the reliability, strength and stability of the house, should also have an energy-saving function. Simply put, to provide maximum heat and noise insulation of the room. For this, additional interlayers are often installed (if they were not provided for by the configuration of the enclosing wall):
vapor barrier film, polystyrene foam
(basalt cotton wool, polystyrene foam, etc.)