In the modern view, science is a very multifaceted phenomenon in accordance with its basic characteristics and attributes. The whole discipline is divided into many industries. The types of science differ from each other depending on which side of reality, the material form, they explore. Equally important is the choice of one or another method of cognition.
The development of science in the vision of modern scientists comes down to several models:
- Formation and formation of discipline through the study of modern scientists of the work of their predecessors.
- Development through scientific revolution. This model assumes a regular change in the prevailing ideas, the transition from a “calm stage” to a “crisis stage”.
- The development of discipline by approaching the cognitive norms of natural science. Within the framework of this model, theoretical schemes and techniques, mainly from the field of physics, act as a reference. This determines the criteria for any knowledge: the possibility of experimental verification, evidence, accuracy.
- Development through the integration of knowledge. In this case, the construction of the system is carried out in accordance with the extraction of elements from different industries using methods and theories from other areas of knowledge.
The division into types of sciences is carried out by subject (object), practical use and method.
The first class includes natural, social disciplines, as well as knowledge of thinking.
Types
of nature sciences constitute the simplest section of the first class. The result of
natural science knowledge implies the exclusion of all that was brought by the researcher himself in the process of cognition. In other words, the law of nature or theory is true if it is objective in content.
The types of sciences, combined into the category of social sciences, represent a somewhat more complex and expanded section. In these disciplines, the retention of the subjective moment is carried out not only with the use of a conceptual form, but also with a specific indication of a historical, social subject.
Types of science of thinking, along with social industries, are combined into the category of the humanities. Moreover, the former have a feature manifested in the fact that something expressed in the individual or public consciousness of a person acts as an object.
The second class includes sciences that differ in research methods. The choice of this or that method is carried out in accordance with the nature of the studied subject (object). Moreover, in addition to the choice there is a certain share of subjectivity.
The third class includes types of applied, practical, and technical sciences. In this case, the objective side retains the determining value, and the subjective side increases in determining the practical significance of the achievements. All industries of this class are based on a combination. It involves the interaction of the objective side (natural law) and the subjective moment.