In 1920, on June 4, the Trianon Peace Treaty was signed between Hungary and the states that won the First World War. The agreement entered into force on July 26, 1921. Let us consider in more detail the conditions of the Trianon treaty with Hungary.
General information
Among the main allied powers were:
- USA.
- Britannia.
- Italy.
- France.
- Japan.
They were signed at the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty in 1920:
- Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
- Nicaragua.
- Cuba.
- Poland.
- Panama.
- Siam .
- Romania.
- Portugal.
- Czechoslovakia.
This agreement was part of the Versailles-Washington system for resolving the geopolitical situation after the First World War. In addition to him, the Neuilly , Saint-Germain treaties and the not entered into force Sevres agreement with Turkey were signed.
Background
The conclusion of the Trianon Treaty with Hungary occurred later than with Austria and Germany. This was due to the complex internal and external political situation. The events taking place in Hungary at that time provoked a deepening of the revolutionary movement and foreign intervention.
In 1918, Austria-Hungary broke up, Hungary was proclaimed a republic. In November, an armistice and surrender agreement was signed. However, by that time Hungary had announced its withdrawal from Austria-Hungary.
Given the current situation, representatives of the Entente considered it appropriate to conclude a new treaty. In mid-November 1918, the democratic government of the Republic of Hungary signed a new agreement in Belgrade with the allied countries. The delegation from the Entente was then led by a French general. He imposed more stringent conditions than Hungary expected.
At the same time, the newly formed republic found itself in an economic blockade and under military-political pressure, which could be lifted only after the signing of the agreement. In November 1918, the size of the army of Hungary was significantly reduced. Due to this, the armed forces of Yugoslavia, Romania and Czechoslovakia during the winter of 1918 - 1919. expanded their territories, capturing the lands of the young republic.
Conflict Resolution
At the end of February 1919, a special commission led by the French representative Andre Tardieu at the Paris Peace Conference proposed to withdraw the troops of Hungary and Romania, and to introduce American, French, Italian and British troops into a neutral territory, the area of which was supposed to be substantially increased by including all of Carpathian Rus. .
On March 20, France sends an ultimative note to the Republic of Hungary. In it, the government is required to recognize the border along the line of the location of republican troops on the day the note is compiled. Hungarian President Karoyi , realizing that his consent will lead to the loss of a huge territory, resigns and transfers all power and, accordingly, the need to solve the problem to the Social Democratic forces. They, in turn, unite with the Communists and form a coalition government. His formal leader was Sandora Garbay , and the actual - Bela Kun. On March 21, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed.
Defeat of Hungary
Bela Kun wanted to sign a peace treaty with the Entente countries. He even met with Ian Smuts , the future prime minister of South African Union ( Union of South Africa ). But France and Britain did not react to these negotiations.
Soviet Hungary understood that there would be no softening conditions for the allied states, and therefore counted on the support of communist Russia and the socialist revolution. Entente countries, in turn, tried by all means to aggravate the situation of the republic. The country was in complete blockade, direct military intervention began. At the initial stages, the Hungarian army held the defensive and even went on the counterattack: the Slovak Republic was proclaimed in the eastern and southern parts of Slovakia.
After the victory of the Hungarian army over the Czechoslovak troops, the President of America Wilson had to send an invitation to the Hungarian government to the Paris conference. At the same time, Hungary received Clemenceau's ultimatum. In it, the French prime minister demanded that the Hungarian army be withdrawn from Slovakia, and that it be withdrawn from the demarcation line, which was established in early November. In return, it was promised to end the intervention by Romania.
The socialist government of Hungary accepted the terms of the ultimatum. However, the union states not only did not allow the leadership of the republic to a peaceful settlement, they did not fulfill their earlier commitments, continuing the offensive on the territory of the country. As a result, Soviet power in Hungary fell. Only after the victory over the government of the republic was it invited to Paris.
Conversation
Instead of the Social Democrats in Hungary, counter-revolutionary and anti-communist forces came to power under the leadership of Miklos Horthy . This government was more convenient for the Entente, but the terms of the negotiations did not soften at all.
One of the developers of the 1920 Trianon Treaty was Edward Benes . This diplomat and prominent politician was considered the " architect " of Czechoslovakia. He insisted on putting strict demands on Budapest, because he believed that it was the Hungarian government who was more guilty of starting a war than official Vienna.
The delegation from Hungary arrived in Paris under the leadership of Count Albert Uppony . After 8 days, the draft Trianon Treaty was handed over to the delegates.
Entente countries agreed only to minor concessions and made minor amendments. For example, on the issue of the size of the Hungarian Armed Forces, the language regarding the number of police and gendarmerie officers was slightly softened. An increase in staffing was allowed, however, if "the Control Commission determines that the number is insufficient. "
The Hungarian government had virtually no opportunity to influence the terms of the Trianon Treaty. In March 1920, the delegation went home.
The final stage of preparation
On March 8, the Council of Foreign Ministers for the last time discussed issues related to the establishment of Hungarian borders. The British prime minister admitted revision of the conditions formulated earlier, but the representative of France categorically rejected the possibility of revision. Nevertheless, the new chairman of the Paris Peace Conference, Alexander Millerand, after reading the text of the draft Trianon Treaty, made an annex to it. It allowed the possibility of a subsequent review of the borders of Hungary.
The Hungarian diplomats, having received the draft with the appendix, thought that the agreement would be temporary, and signed it.
Entry into force
Ratification of the Trianon Treaty took place in 1920, November 15. After signing by the key countries of the Entente, the agreement entered into force. However, the US president refused to ratify the Trianon Treaty. Instead , a separate agreement was signed in 1921, on August 29. In October, the US Senate approved the treaty.
Terms of agreement
The Treaty of Trianon was drawn up following the example of the Saint-Germain agreement of 1919. Some sections coincided almost literally.
The text included 364 articles, which were combined into 14 parts. In addition, the contract contained a protocol and a declaration.
Under the agreement, Hungary lost many territories:
- The eastern regions of Banaty and Transylvania were given to Romania.
- The western regions of Banati , Bachka and Croatia became part of the Yugoslav kingdom.
- Czechoslovakia received parts of Ugochi , Maramarosh , Komarm , Nograd , Coast, Nitor and Ung .
- Burgenland went to Austria. But it is worth saying that the official accession of this territory provoked a crisis. The offensive in the region by the Austrian police was stopped by Hungarian snipers, who were supported by the troops of Hungary. With the mediation of Italian diplomats, the crisis was resolved. In December 1921, a referendum was held, as a result of which the areas of Bergenland , where the Hungarian population was predominant , called for joining Hungary.
Political Provisions
In accordance with them, Hungary renounced any of its rights and the grounds for their occurrence in relation to the territories of the former Austria-Hungary, which were transferred to Austria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy and Yugoslavia. At the same time, independence of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia was proclaimed.
The Hungarian government committed to provide the entire population with absolute protection of life, freedom, without regard to origin, nationality, religion, race, language. All people should have equal political and civil rights.