Table "Formation of Soviet Statehood". The formation of Soviet statehood: a brief summary of the main

The formation of Soviet statehood, a table of the main stages of which will be given in the article, began with the Second Congress. He was called at a turning point. Petrograd was already in the hands of the rebellious peasants and workers. At the same time, the Winter Palace, in which the Provisional Government was sitting , remained unreached. This information is known from the general school course. In the framework of the educational program "History (Grade 9)", the formation of Soviet statehood is described in a rather concise way. The key moments of the process are identified in chronological order, each critical event is evaluated. Next, we consider the features that accompanied the formation of Soviet statehood. A summary of the main events will be supplemented by their analysis.

The revolution

On the night of October 24-25, 1917, a historical uprising took place. His leadership was carried out from the Smolny Institute. The soldiers, sailors who sided with the Bolsheviks, without much difficulty took key positions in the city. On October 25 at 2:35 an emergency meeting began in the assembly hall in Smolny. On it, Lenin proclaimed that the revolution was accomplished.

The Formation of Soviet Statehood: Lesson Compendium (Grade 9)

The purpose of the lesson: to familiarize students with the features and consequences of the process.

Tasks:

1. Developing skills to work with the educational text, the ability to analyze it, draw up schemes based on it.
2. The development of communicative abilities of verbal interaction.
3. Formation of skills for constructing questions.

Form of study: group.

Type of lesson: lesson in mastering new information.

Key skills implemented during the work:

• Communicative.
• Organizational.
• Group activity.
• Ability to assimilate material.
  

Equipment: handouts, felt-tip pens, paper, notebook, textbook, “Formation of Soviet Statehood” map.

Plan:

1. Creation of authorities. Elimination of class and national inequality.
2. Union of Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks. Third Congress of Soviets.
3. Features of local management.

First management document

It was addressed by the Second Congress to the peasants, soldiers, and workers. This document was adopted on October 25, 1917. The appeal proclaimed the formation of Soviet statehood. In short, the document established a new power in the country. This appeal formulated the main domestic and foreign policy directions. In particular, proclaimed:

• World.
• Gratuitous transfer of land to peasants.
• The democratization of the army.
• Implementation of working control over production, etc.

All these theses the next day were concretized and embodied in the first Decrees "Earth" and "About the world." Another document formed the first government. The decision of the congress said the formation of a temporary workers 'and peasants' body, which was given the name Council of People's Commissars. Special commissions were entrusted with the management of certain sectors of the country's life. The composition of these bodies was to ensure the implementation of the program announced at the congress. The formation of Soviet statehood began with the establishment of people's commissariats:

• Labor
• Agriculture.
• Military and naval affairs.
• Trade and industry.
• Finance.
• Public education.
• Foreign affairs and others.
  

Central and supreme structures

They determined the further formation of Soviet statehood. The All-Russian Congress was proclaimed as the Supreme Body. His powers included resolving any issues related to governance in the country. The congress was formed by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Central Executive Committee). He had supreme authority between congresses. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was formed by proportional representation from party factions. In the first composition there were 101 members. Of these, 62 are Bolsheviks, 29 are left Social Revolutionaries, 6 are Mensheviks-internationalists, 3 are Ukrainian socialists and one Socialist-Revolutionary maximalist. Kamenev became the Chairman of the Committee. As the central authority became the Council of People's Commissars. It was headed by Lenin. The specifics of the new bodies consisted of a combination of executive and legislative functions.

Thus, the formation of Soviet statehood, governing bodies and authorities was proclaimed by the Second Congress. It formulated the general principles of organization and laid the foundation for a new administrative system.

The role of the Left Social Revolutionaries

After the seizure of power, the Bolsheviks sought to expand the social base. To this end, they held talks with the leading Left Social Revolutionaries about the conditions under which the latter would enter the Council of People's Commissars. At a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a compromise resolution was approved in early November. It emphasized that the agreement of the socialist parties is possible only if the Second Congress is recognized as the sole source of power, the program of the new government in the form in which it was expressed in decrees. In December, these negotiations ended, and as a result, a coalition government was created . The alliance with the Social Revolutionaries made a great contribution to the formation of Soviet statehood, especially in the first months after the revolution. With the direct participation of representatives, a Declaration on the Rights of the Exploited People and Workers at the Third Congress was developed and approved. This document proclaimed Russia the Soviet Republic. The Socialist-Revolutionaries, together with the Bolsheviks, unanimously voted to end the activities of the Constituent Assembly. This decision made it possible to remove the formal obstacles that slowed down the formation of Soviet statehood. In short, the alliance with the Socialist Revolutionaries made it possible to solve a key managerial task - to unite representatives of workers 'and soldiers' deputies. This association took place at the Third Congress in January 1918, where a new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was created. It was attended by 129 Social Revolutionaries and 160 Bolsheviks. However, this alliance did not last long. The Brest Peace Treaty was soon ratified, but the Social Revolutionaries opposed. As a result, in mid-March 1917 they left the government. In July, the Social Revolutionaries rebelled, which, however, was quickly suppressed. The break of the union reflected the processes taking place in society, which led to the growth of civil tension. This confrontation, of course, left its mark on the formation of Soviet statehood.

Administrative staff

The end of 1917 - the beginning of 1918. marked by the replacement of the former authorities with new ones. The apparatus of the people's commissariats and other administrative structures were created. At the end of October 1917, the workers 'and peasants' militia was formed. The Cheka was included in the structure of the Council of People's Commissars - a commission that carried out the fight against sabotage and counter-revolution. At the beginning of December 1917, the Council of National Economy was formed. This body was supposed to establish management of the country's economy by coordinating the activities of existing economic people's commissariats. In addition to the police and the Cheka, the fleet and the army acted as integral elements of the new statehood.

Description of the new government

The Bolsheviks were based on the worldview of their leaders. After the seizure of power, they considered it paramount to break the old state machine. The Bolsheviks believed that the control system was outdated and could not solve the advanced tasks of our time. At the same time, they admitted the likelihood of preservation and subsequent use of certain elements of the previous administrative mechanism. The managerial inexperience of the new organs was offset by organizational skills and revolutionary enthusiasm. A huge variety of approaches to the implementation of managerial tasks is noted in the clerical work and the structure of the people's commissariats. The number of new organs was also unstable. Some drug addicts lasted 2-3 months.

Features of establishing local authority

It happened both peacefully and armed suppression of counter-revolution. The legal basis for eliminating the power of representatives of the former government was contained in the above Address, proclaimed at the Second Congress. In district and provincial cities, the transition to a new government was relatively painless. This was due to the fact that central authorities could send representatives to them. Things were somewhat more complicated in the Zemstvo administration. This was due to the large number of local authorities.

Local Councils, not being able to replace the city and zemstvo structures, tried to use them in resolving the most pressing and urgent local issues. The Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks led these bodies (before the break of the alliance).

Summary of Information

The training course entitled "Formation of Soviet Statehood (Grade 9)" is described above. The table below summarizes historical information.

Conclusion

The central government took care to spread its influence on the ground as soon as possible. During the first months, the Soviets had a wide range of powers. They were supported by military units. In April 1918, a decree was approved, according to which hospitals, institutions, units, stocks of property and warehouses were transferred to the governor military commissars.

In many cases, local councils did not have regular communication with the central office. This allowed them to be sovereign masters in the territories under their jurisdiction.