Many people perceive philological sciences as something very foggy and abstract. They know that this process is associated with the study of languages, but do not own more detailed information. And only those who graduated from the Faculty of Philology can accurately and fascinatingly reveal all aspects of verbal science.
Concept of science
Philology is a science that studies the spirituality of different peoples, analyzes their written language, comprehends in detail the features of a particular language, and then collects the acquired knowledge into a single whole.
It is known that written texts are one of the sources reflecting the history of the people. The first of them appeared in the form of comments on complex words found in dictionaries, treatises and religious writings. Homer was the first to be thoroughly analyzed.
Philology includes many subjects, and each of them is engaged in its own industry. Romano-Germanic philology, for example, is the most widespread in the world, as it analyzes Romance and Germanic languages.
In this case, the Romance languages include:
- French;
- Italian;
- Spanish and others.
The German group, among many, is studying English and German, one of the most common today.
History of development
Philological sciences appeared long ago, even in Ancient Greece. First, their occurrence occurred, then development (throughout the Middle Ages), and already during the Renaissance - the heyday in full force. The very concept of “philology” began to take shape in the 18th century. Then it was only about the classical industry, after which the Slavic industry subsequently arose. The founder of the Slavic branch is the Czech scientist Dobrovsky Yosef.
It is easy to understand the reason why the development of philology began. Europeans became interested in their national roots, sources, development trends. This was facilitated by the design of a romantic worldview at that time, as well as the beginning of the struggle with the Turkish invaders.
As for other types of science: each of them very deeply studies a certain industry and peoples related to it. In the world there are many public organizations that are engaged in one common cause, from time to time gather and share their achievements.
Science complex
For a complete understanding of what philology does, it is worth revealing which philological sciences are its components:
- Linguistics. The second name is linguistics, which studies the very essence of language, its function, structure.
- Literary criticism. Considers the history of literature, its development and impact on the culture of the people.
- Folkloristics. Folk art, folklore, myths and legends are the main subjects of study.
- Textology. Her focus is on the works of various authors, the history of their appearance and their fate.
- Paleography. This science studies the manuscripts of antiquity, their forms, styles, time and place of creation.
As can be seen from this information, philological sciences study the language from all possible sides.
Famous Philologists
Who is a philologist? This is a linguistic scientist. This figure deeply studies the specifics of a particular language, draws conclusions about the spiritual heritage of the people who speak it. A huge contribution to the creation and development of the Russian language was made by Russian philologists.
- Lomonosov M.V. was the founder of Russian grammar. He was one of the first to start laying the style of the language. What we now know about the parts of speech is the merit of Mikhail Vasilievich. Being a skilled poet, laid the foundation for different styles.
- Vostokov A.Kh. He studied exclusively grammar and wrote many books on this subject.
- Potebnya A.A. studied Russian and Ukrainian languages, paid great attention to grammar.
- Shakhmatov A.A. studied the origin of the language. He wrote several works on the syntax of the Russian language.
- Peshkovsky A.M. highlighted intonation in speech as a grammatical tool that helps to correctly express thoughts.
- Shcherba L.V. He was the discoverer of the words of the category of condition and talked about the role of the noun and the verb in the sentence.
- Vinogradov V.V. studied the history of Russian linguistics. He wrote many books about the styles of the Russian language used in their works by various writers. Especially valuable is his contribution to the lexicology and phraseology of the language.
- Karamzin N.M. He studied the church Russian language, significantly brought closer the literary and conversational style of communication.
- Ushakov D.N. studied spelling, lexicology, dialectology. He wrote 4 volumes of an explanatory dictionary containing 90,000 dictionary entries. Work on this project has been going on for 6 years.
- Dal V.I. known to all as the author of the Great Dictionary of Explanation, which in itself shows the entire depth of his study of the Russian language.
Philology of the Russian language
Russian philology is a part of a huge Slavic section studying the Russian people and their heritage. As early as the 17th century, data collection on ancient manuscripts began, which was dealt with by Count Rumyantsev.
In the XVIII century, Lomonosov wrote two well-known books on the grammar of the language and the advantage of the church language, which continued the study of stylistics. Until now, Russian philologists do not stop working, continuing to analyze various styles, dialects and phraseological units. Only now these are modern figures who not only write works, but also share their discoveries with university students. After all, most philologists work in higher educational institutions and research institutes.
Foreign philology
This branch of science is aimed at the study of foreign languages, their history and features. The literary heritage and works are studied in detail, a detailed analysis of styles and dialects is made, the knowledge of which greatly affects a person's ability to speak and understand the native speaker of the language being studied. A large role is given to translation practice.
You can study the rules of spelling, grammar and phonetics for a long time, but without practical speech training you cannot speak and translate correctly.
How to become a philologist
You can become a philologist and devote yourself to the most interesting of sciences by entering the Faculty of Philology. There are many educational institutions offering similar specialties. Some of them have departments dealing with different branches of linguistics: it can be Slavic, Indo-European, Romano-Germanic philology.
Choosing a direction, each student himself decides which language and people are most interested in him and whose spirituality will be curiously studied. The best philological faculties in Russia are famous for such educational institutions as:
- Moscow State University;
- Russian Humanitarian State University;
- Nizhny Novgorod State University named after Dobrolyubov;
- South Federal University;
- Pyatigorsk Linguistic State University ;
- Irkutsk Linguistic State University;
- Moscow Linguistic State University.
This is a list of the most popular institutions among young people. But there are many more faculties in other universities where you can study your favorite direction.